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AP Human Geo Unit 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Urban area | a city and its surrounding suburb |
| Metropolitan area | a city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city |
| Urban sprawl | areas of poorly planned, low-density development surrounding a city |
| Edge city | a type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers with office space, retail complexes, and other amenities typical of an urban center |
| Boomburb | a suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents |
| Exurb | a typically fast-growing community outside of or on the edge of a metropolitan area where the residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburbs |
| Infill | redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas |
| Rank-size rule | explanation of size of cities within a country; states that the second-largest city will be one-half the size of the largest, the third largest will be one-third the size of the largest, and so on |
| Primate city | the largest city in a country, which far exceeds the next city in population size and importance |
| Central place theory | a theory used to describe the spatial relationship between cities and their surrounding communities |
| Threshold | in central place theory, the number of people needed to support a business |
| Range | in central place theory, the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service |
| Megacity | a city with a population of more than 10 million |
| Metacity | a city with a population of more than 20 million |
| World cities | a city that wields political, cultural, and economic influence on a global scale |
| Concentric-zone model | a model of urban development depicting a city growing outward from a central business district in a series of concentric rings |
| Sector model | a model of urban development depicting a city with wedge-shaped sectors and divisions emanating from the central business district, generally along transit routes |
| Multiple-nuclei model | a model of urban development depicting a city where growth occurs around the progressive integration of multiple nodes, not around one central business district |
| Nodes | the focal point of a functional region |
| Galactic city model | a model of urban development depicting a city where economic activity has moved from the central business district toward loose coalitions of other urban areas and suburbs; also known as the peripheral model |
| Latin American city model | a model of urban development depicting a city with a central business district, concentric rings, and sections stricken by poverty; also known as the Griffin-Ford model |
| Disamenity zones | a high-poverty urban area in a disadvantaged location containing steep slopes, flood-prone ground, rail lines, landfills, or industry |
| Squatter settlements | an informal housing area beset with overcrowding and poverty that features temporary homes often made of wood scraps or metal sheeting |
| African city model | a model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings |
| Southeast Asian city model | a model of urban development depicting a city oriented around a port and lacking a formal central business district, growing outward in concentric rings and along multiple nodes |
| Zoning | the process of dividing a city or urban area into zones within which only certain land uses are permitted |
| Ecological footprint | impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain the use of natural resources |
| Mixed-use development (MUD) | a single planned development designed to include multiple uses, such as residential, retail, educational, recreational, industrial, and office spaces |
| Walkability | a measure of how safe, convenient, and efficient it is to walk in an urban environment |
| Transportation-oriented development | the creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station |
| Smart-growth policies | policy implemented to create sustainable communities by placing development in convenient locations and designing it to be more efficient and environmentally responsible |
| Mixed-use zoning | zoning that permits multiple land uses in the same space or structure |
| Traditional zoning | zoning that creates separate zones based on land-use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low-, medium-, or high-density), commercial, or industrial |
| New urbanism | a school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland |
| Slow-growth cities | city where planners have used smart-growth policies to decrease the rate at which the city grows outward |
| Urban growth boundary | a boundary that separates urban land uses from rural land uses by limiting how far a city can expand |
| Greenbelt | a ring of parkland, agricultural land, or other type of open space maintained around an urban area to limit sprawl |
| De facto segregation | segregation that results from residential settlement patterns rather than from prejudicial laws |
| Redlining | practice by which a financial institution such as a bank refuses to offer home loans on the basis of a neighborhood’s racial or ethnic makeup |
| Blockbusting | a practice by real estate agents who would stir up concern that Black families would soon move into a neighborhood; the agents would convince White property owners to sell their houses at below-market prices |
| Zones of abandonment | area that has been largely deserted due to lack of jobs, declines in land value, and falling demand |
| Filtering | the process of neighborhood change in which housing vacated by more affluent groups passes down the income scale to lower-income groups |
| Inclusionary zoning laws | law that creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a minimum percentage of new housing construction to be allocated for low-income renters or buyers |
| Land tenure | the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land |
| Eminent domain | a government’s right to take over privately owned property for public use or interest |
| Environmental injustice | the ways in which communities of color and poor people are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens such as air pollution or contaminated water; also called environmental racism |
| Urban renewal | the nationwide movement that developed in the 1950s and 1960s when U.S. cities were given massive federal grants to tear down and clear out crumbling neighborhoods and former industrial zones as a means of rebuilding their downtowns |
| Regional planning | planning conducted at a regional scale that seeks to coordinate the development of housing, transportation, urban infrastructure, and economic activities |
| Brownfields | abandoned and polluted industrial site in a central city or suburb |
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