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ap stats questions
1-50
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between a categorical and a quantitative variable? | Categorical: types/groups, EX hair color Quantitative: numerical, EX number of hairs |
| What is a histogram? How does it differ from a bar graph? | data display that represents the frequency distribution of a few data points of one variable Bar graph = categorical, Histogram = quantitative |
| What is a segmented bar graph? | data display used to compare two or more categories |
| What is a dot plot? | data display that consists of data points plotted as dots on a graph with an x- and y-axis |
| What is a pie/circle graph? | a way of summarizing a set of nominal data or displaying the different values of a given variable (percentage distribution) |
| What is a stem (stem-and-leaf) plot? | data display that splits the 10s & the 1s |
| What is a boxplot (box-and-whiskers)? | data display which uses min, max, Q1, median, and Q3 |
| What is the 5-number summary? | gives a rough idea about what your data set looks like min, max, Q1, median, and Q3 |
| What percentage of the data fall between the Min and Q1? | 25% |
| What percentage of the data fall between Q1 and the Median | 25% |
| What percentage of the data fall between the Median and Q3? | 25% |
| What percentage of the data fall between Q3 and the Max? | 25% |
| What percentage of the data fall between the Min and the Median? | 50% |
| What percentage of the data fall between the Min and Q3? | 75% |
| What percentage of the data fall between Q1 and Q3? What is this known as? | 50%; IQR |
| What is the difference between a regular boxplot and a modified boxplot? | regular boxplot: outliers as part of whiskers modified boxplot: outliers as individual dots |
| What is a two-way/contingency table? | table with at least 2 columns/rows to present categorical data in frequency counts |
| What is a marginal total (in a contingency table)? | sum of row/column |
| What is the difference between a frequency graph and a relative frequency graph? | frequency: # of times result occurs relative frequency: # of times result occurs divided by total number of events |
| What is the difference between a relative frequency graph and a cumulative frequency graph? | relative frequency: # of times result occurs divided by total number of events cumulative frequency: sum of relative frequencies |
| How can you transform a cumulative frequency graph into a boxplot? | align 25%, 50%, & 75% along y-axis to find 5 number summary use |
| What is the most common way of making a misleading graph? | manipulating the sizing/scaling of the axes |
| What are the main measures of center? | mean, median, mode |
| What are the main measures of spread? | standard deviation, IQR, range |
| What are the four key elements in describing a distribution? | center, unusual features, shape, spread |
| What are the most common "shapes" of a distribution? | normal, skewed left, skewed right |
| When is it appropriate to use the median as opposed to the mean (to described a distribution)? | when the shape of the distribution is NOT normal |
| When is it appropriate to use the range/IQR as opposed to the standard deviation (to described a distribution)? | IQR: extreme outliers present standard deviation: no extreme outliers present. |
| What is the formula for the mean? | x-bar = sum of x / n |
| What is the formula for the standard deviation? | sample: sq root(sum ((x - x bar)^2) / n-1) population: sq root (sum((x - M)^2)/n) |
| What is the meaning of the standard deviation? | measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean |
| What is the difference between a standard deviation and a variance? | variance: variability of observations from arithmetic mean standard deviation: how dispersed data is in relation to the mean |
| If a data set has a standard deviation = 0, what does that reveal about the data set? | data are close to mean |
| In looking at multiple distribution displays, how can you tell which has the lowest and the highest standard deviations? | low: data clustered around mean high: data spread out |
| How do you calculate the mean from a dotplot/histogram/stemplot? | add all values and divide by # of values |
| How do you calculate the median from a dotplot/histogram/stemplot? | find the value which appears the most |
| What is an outlier? | data point which lies outside the overall pattern in a distribution |
| What are the 2 formulas for outliers? | Q3 + 1.5(IQR) Q1 - 1.5(IQR) |
| What is a density curve? | graphical representation that describes the overall pattern of a distribution |
| Where is the mode on a density curve? | peak of curve |
| Where is the median on a density curve? | point that divides curve in half |
| Where is the mean on a density curve? | balance point of curve |
| What is a percentile? | how data compares to other data from same set how much you can beat up |
| What are 3 ways to check for normality? | SPIN bell curve shape outliers |
| What is the formula for z-score? | (observed-mean)/std |
| What is the meaning of the z-score? | how many std your score is from the mean |
| If a score has a z-score of 0, what does that mean? | your score is 0 stds away from the mean |
| In constructing a normal distribution curve, what are the "3 levels of values"? | raw score, z-score, percentage |
| How do you convert a z-score to percentile? | normalcdf |
| How do you convert percentile to a z-score? | invnorm |
Created by:
elem
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