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Genitourinary System
diseases of reproduction/urinary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the female reproductive system consist of? | ovaries, oviducts , uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, mammary glands |
| What does the male reproductive system consist of? | testicles, urethra, prostate gland, penis, scrotum, prepuce |
| What is vaginitis? | inflammation of the vagina; common in puppies and prepubertal bitches |
| What causes vaginitis? | bacterial infection, trauma, anatomical abnormalites, canine herpesvirus(viral) |
| How is vaginitis treated? | systemic antibiotics |
| What is pseudocyesis? | "false pregnancy"; development of all the signs of pregnancy w/o presence of an embryo |
| When does pseudocyesis develop? | 6-12 weeks after estrus and lasts 1-3 weeks |
| What causes pseudocyesis? | falling levels of progesterone in a non=pregnant bitch can cause prolactin secretion |
| What are the signs of pseudocyesis? | weight gain, mammary gland enlargement, nesting behavior, lactation and mucoid vaginal discharge |
| How is pseudocyesis treated? | decrease milk production-mild water restriction, diuretics, preventing oral stimulation by the bitch *permanent Tx is ovariohysterectomy |
| What is anestrus? | quiescent period in which there is no exceptional hormonal activity (90-150 days) |
| What is estrus? | The period in mammals during which the female ovulates and is receptive to mating. ( 9 days) |
| What is diestrus | short period of sexual quiescence between two estrus periods during which uterus is prepared for fertilized ovum. (60 days or for duration of pregnancy) |
| What is proestrus? | The period immediately before estrus in most female mammals characterized by development of the endometrium and ovarian follicles. (9 days) |
| What is pyometra? | hyperplasia and hypertrophy of uterine endometrial glands with fluid accumulation in lumen |
| What is the cause of pyometra? | increasing progesterone levels after ovulation |
| Which bacteria can be involved in pyometra? | decreased uterine contraction can predispose uterus to e.coli, staphlococcus, streptococcus, pasteurella, proteus, moraxello, klebsiella |
| What are the signs of pyometra? | vulvar discharge, abdominal enlargement, vomiting, lethargy, PU/PD, dehydration, azotemia |
| How is pyometra diagnosed? | radiology, ultrasound, CBC(leukocytes, neutrophillia w/left shift, poss non-reg anemia), Chem (^ALP, TP, BUN), cytology (degenerative neutrophils, endometrial cells, bacteria |
| What is mortality rate in bitches associated with pyometra? | 5-8% |
| What is the rate of recurrence of pyometra w/i 1 year of medical treatment? | 26-40% |
| What is the treatment of pyometra? | OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY; correct dehydration, azotemia |
| What are 3 take home messages re: pyometra? | progesterone is causative, OHE must ensure all ovarian tissue is removed, ectopic ovarian tissue may cause stump pyometra on remaining uterine body |
| What is gestation period for dogs and cats? | 62-65 days |
| When can fetus be palpated? | 25-36 days in dogs; 21-28 days in cats |
| When can skeleton mineralization be detected radiographically? | 45 days |
| When can fetus be detected with ultrasound | about 20 days |
| What is fetal death? | fetal death early can result in reabsorption with no expulsion of uterine contents |
| What are causes of fetal death? | organisms:brucella canis, canine herpesvirus, FIP, FeLV, FPV |
| What is dystocia? | difficult delivery through birth canal |
| What are causes of dystoia? | fetal factors, maternal factors, combination |
| What are fetal factors of dytocia? | large fetus, anasarca, hydrocephalus, abnormal positioning |
| What are maternal causes of dystocia? | narrowed birth canal, uterine inertia |
| What are the signs of dystocia? | bitch or queen in labor > 4hrs w/o delivery, green vaginal discharge during parturition, more than 1 hour between births |
| How is dystocia diagnosed? | PE with digital palpation of vagina, radiography to evaluate fetal position, size, number, ultrasound to evaluate fetal viability and distress |
| What is the treatment of dystocia? | manual manipulation, oxytocin, C-section |
| How can dystocia be prevented? | owners should prepare whelping box, make mama comfy, good nutrition, closely supervise, predict parturition by monitoring rectal temp, take care of babies |
| What is appropriate maternal behavior? | keeping babies warm, groomed, protected |
| What is inappropriate maternal behavior? | display of increased protective behavior or fear induces behavior, cannibalize the litters |
| What are signs of inappropriate maternal behavior? | mother is restless, neonates constantly crying, mother attacking and killing babies |
| What is the treatment for inappropriate maternal behavior? | tranquilize mother w/ace or diazapam |
| Name 3 lactation disorders. | mastitis, galactostasis. agalactia |
| What is galactostasis? | painful engorgement of mammary glands |
| What is agalactia? | lack of milk production (from stress, malnutrition, premature parturition, infection) |
| What is mastitis? | septic inflammation of one or more mammary gland; most common |
| Which of the following are false re: mastitis? | a. Mastitis can recur in subsequent lactations. b. Prophylactic use of antibiotics is not recommened. c. Neonates should not nurse from affected glands. d. All are true re: mastitis. |
| What are the signs of mastitis? | mammary discomfort, discolored milk, fever, reluctance to allow nursing, inflammed or abscessed mammary glands |
| What is the treatment of mastitis? | broad spectrum antobiotics (clavamox, cephalexin); warm compresses, then milk affected glands; protect affected glands |
| What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? | Age related pathologic change in the prostate gland causing it to be nonpainfully large; more common in dogs than cats associated with altered androgen/estrogen ratio |
| What are the signs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? | tenesmus, prostate palpates symmetrically, hematuria |
| How is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia diagnosed? | PE with rectal palpation of prostate; ultrasound with biopsy definitive dx |
| What is the treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? | castration, results in 70% decrease in size w/i 7-14 days; low-dose estrogen tx |
| What drugs are used to treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia? | Flutamide-anti-androgen drug (blocks testosterone and dihydrotestosterone receptors on the prostrate) Finasteride-anti-androgen drug (prevents conversion of testosterone to dihydrosttesterone); megestrol acetate |
| What is Prostatitis? | Bacteria usually gain access to the prostate gland by ascending the urethra and overcoming the lower urinary tract host defense mechanisms. Chronic may be asymptomatic |
| What are the signs of Prostatis? | anorexia, fever, lethargy, stiff gait, caudal abdominal pain, possible vomiting, urethral discharge, hematuria |
| How is Prostatis diagnosed? | CBC/Chem (may see leukocytosis or normal WBC count, ^ liver enzymes, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia); U/A shows blood, ^WBC, bacteria; U/S abscess, prostatic aspirate |
| What is the treatment of Prostatitis? | antibiotics, castration may help, surgical draining if abscessed; prostatectomy, IV fluids if sepsis or peritonitis |
| What is the prognosis of Prostatitis? | if abscessed, disease is difficult to treat; survival 50% after one year |
| What is sertoli cell tumor? | neoplasia of cells that nourish spermatogonia w/i the seminiferous tubules |
| What is interstitial cell tumor? | neoplasia of cells that secrete testosterone and are located in the connective tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules |
| What is seminoma cell tumor? | neoplasia of stem cells for sperm |
| What % of all tumors in dogs are testicular? | 5-15% |
| What dogs are at a greater risk for testicular tumors? | cryptorchid dogs, dogs with inguinal hernias, dogs with retained testicle in inguinal canal twice as great as dogs with testicle retained in abdomen |
| What are the signs of testicular tumors? | may be asymptomatic, non-painful testicular enlargement may be seen, feminization, bilateral nonpuritic alopecia, mammary development,myelosuppression, hyperestrogenism |
| What is the treatment of testicular tumors? | castration,chemo/radiation; whole blood tranfusion |
| Name four male noeoplasias. | prostatic, penile, preputial,scrotal |
| Name five female noeoplasias. | ovarian, uterine, cervical, vaginal, vulval |
| Which of the following are true of female neoplasias? | a. surgical removal with OHE reduces recurrence for most b. many vaginal and vulval are benign with good prognosis c. more common in older animals d. all are true (d) |
| What is the most common tumor of female dogs? | mammary tumors |
| What is the third most common tumor of female cats? | mammary tumors |
| What is the risk for dogs spayed prior to first estrus? | 0.05% |
| What is the risk for dogs spayed prior to second estrus? | 8% |
| What is the risk for dogs spayed prior to third estrus? | 26% |
| What % of canine mammary tumors are benign? | 50% |
| What % of feline mammary tumors are benign? | 10-20% |
| What are the signs of mammary tumors? | firm, well=demarcated lesions |
| What signs indicate malignancy? | rapid growth, local tissue invasion, ulceration usually indicate malignancy |
| What is the treatment of mammary tumors? | surgical removal ; lumpectomy-removing nodule or lump<0.5cm; mammectomy-removal of one gland for lesions centrally located w/i gland >1.0;regional masectomy-removing more than one gland |
| Surgical removal with _______ is advised for all mammary tumors. | histopathology |
| In cats with tumors smaller than ______, survival times up to _______ have been reported. | 2 cm; 3 yrs |
| _______ is recommended in conjunction with tumor removal if animal is intact. | OHE |
| What is FLUTD? | inflammation of lower urinary tract; occurs frequently, idiopathic, self-limiting in most cases |
| What are the signs of FLUTD? | hematuria, dysuria, stranguria, inappropriate urination, pollakiuria, frequent urnation |
| How is FLUTD diagnosed? | urinalysis, urine culture, survey radiographs, contrst studies , ultrasound |
| What is the treatment for FLUTD? | avoid unneccessary use of antibiotics, change diet to produce dilute urine, amitriptyline |
| What is the prognosis of FLUTD? | likely to recur, no cure, reduction of stress may help |
| What is renal failure? | nephron is damaged and glomerular filtration declines resulting in build up of toxins in the body (azotemia); high BUN and Cr) |
| What is acute renal failure? | (ARF) abrupt decrease in glomerular filtration rate(GFR) |
| What drugs/toxins can cause acute renal failure? | aminoglycosides, acetominophen, chemotherapeutics, ethylene glycol, heavy metals, hemoglobin, infections, immune-mediated diseases, hypercalcemia |
| What is chronic renal failure? | irreversible and progressive decline in renal function caused by destruction of nephron; commom; fatal; cats more than dogs |
| What are the signs of renal failure? | PU |
| How is renal failure diagnosed? | acidemia, anemia, azotemia, hyperphospatemia, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome |
| What is the treatment for renal failure? | Correct fluid and electrolyte deficits with intravenous fluid therapy |
| What drugs are indicated for renal failure? | Ace inhibitors (enalapril, benazapril), H-2 blockers, potassium gluconate, phosphorus binders, calcium carbonate Azodyl H2 blockers calcium carbonate |
Created by:
kfoster43
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