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SCI 221 - Week 12
Respiratory and Gas Exchange
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The _____ represents the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs | vital capacity |
| When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, some of the carbon dioxide molecules associate with water to form | carbonic acid |
| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration seems to be generated by the | medullary rhythmicity area |
| More than two-thirds of the carbon dioxide carried by blood is carried in the form of | bicarbonate ions |
| Oxygen enters blood from alveolar air because the partial pressure of alveolar air is | greater than the partial pressure of incoming blood |
| Pressure gradients are established by changes in the | thoracic cavity |
| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes | a drop in pH in the blood |
| The sensors that provide feedback information to the medullary rhythmicity area are the | central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors |
| The ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch is referred to as | compliance |
| The apparatus used to measure the volume of air exchanged in breathing is called a(n) | spirometer |
| A right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide is also known as | the Bohr effect |
| The mechanism that produces pulmonary ventilation is one that establishes a gas pressure gradient between the | atmosphere and the alveolar air |
| The amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood each minute depends on which factor? | oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood, total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane, respiratory minute volume, alveolar ventilation |
| During inspiration, as the size of the thorax increases, the | intrapleural and alveolar pressures decrease |
| An obstructive lung disorder that is characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the wall of the bronchial air passages is | asthma |
| Spirometry is used to measure all of the following EXCEPT: | total lung capacity |
| The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is | carbaminohemoglobin |
| During the respiratory cycle, intrapleural pressure is always less than alveolar pressure. This difference is called | transpulmonary pressure |
| The exact amount of oxygen in blood depends mainly on the amount of | hemoglobin |
| _____ law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. | Boyle's |
| Which term refers to the volume of inspired air that actually reaches, or “ventilates,” the alveoli? | alveolar ventilation |
| Which oxygen-binding protein helps move oxygen out of the blood and into muscle cells? | myoglobin |
| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. | tidal |
| The forced expiratory volume test can determine the presence of respiratory obstruction by measuring the | volume of air expired per second during forced expiration |
| In what form does oxygen travel in the blood? | dissolved oxygen in the plasma and associated with hemoglobin |
| What variations exist in the body to temporarily store or carry oxygen? | neuroglobin, myoglobin, and fetal hemoglobin |
| The exit of the bicarbonate ion from the red blood cell is balanced by the inward transport of another negative ion, chloride. This countertransport of negative ions is often called the _____ shift. | chloride |
| According to the law of partial pressures, the partial pressure of gas in a mixture of gases is | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and to the total pressure of the mixture |
| Hyperpnea means a(n) | increase in breathing |
| Which structural feature facilitates oxygen diffusion from the alveolar air into the blood in lung capillaries? | The alveolar and capillary walls are both very thin, the alveolar and capillary surfaces are both extremely large, the lung capillaries accommodate a large amount of blood at one time, each red blood cell comes close to alveolar air |
| Which type of breathing is characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea, and is usually seen in people with increased intracranial pressure? | Biot's breathing |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is: | less than in the alveolar air |
| Which muscles are used for forced expiration? | abdominal muscles and internal intercostals |
| Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause: | decreased vital capacity |
| Vital capacity is defined as the: | maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: | tidal volume |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, the sequence would be: | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversely; constant |
| Normal, quiet breathing is known as: | eupnea |
| The symbol HbNCOOH– is used for: | carbaminohemoglobin |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| A drop in the body’s production of carbonic anhydrase would hinder the formation of: | carbonic acid |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Stokes respiration |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because the: | lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less |
| Which of the following would have the greatest accelerating effect on the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin? | decreased PO2 and increased PCO2 |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood? | combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure: | expiration occurs |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | control of cell metabolism rate |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | residual volume and vital capacity |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: | a decrease in alveolar pressure |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| Which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute? | All of the above help determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | less than in the systemic venous and equal to the systemic arterial |
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