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Archaeology Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Thule Inuit | - relied on whaling - climate change affects whale patterns - built houses out of whale bones |
| When did the Holocene era begin ? | 11,500 BP (this is the current warm period) |
| Bison Boom | - caused an expansion of farming - industrial scale hunting - policies by settler governments to destroy food source of indigenous peoples |
| Folsom Bison Hunters | fluted points with a longer flute than the clovis |
| Cooper Bison Kill Site (10,900 -10,200 BP) | - arroyo in Oklahoma (Folsom) - folsom points - knives - mass bison killings |
| Bull Brook Site, MA | - large-scale aggregation - regional gathering of hunters and families - clusters of artifacts (over 40,000) |
| Dalton - Midsouth U.S. | - first to use caves and rock shelters as their homes - First cases of mortuary rituals; oldest cemetery (sloam site) |
| Egalitarianism | little or no formal authority or power figures |
| Characteristics of "primitive" societies | - mobile - hunter - gatherers - egalitarianism |
| Characteristics of a complex society | - sedentary - architecture - gender - specific technology |
| Gender Practices of Indigenous Groups | - non-binary system - two-spirited usually indicates an indigenous person who feels that their body simultaneously manifests both masculine and feminine spirit |
| Cultural Ecology | the study of how groups of people interact with and adapt to their environments |
| Great Basin | - women's work was integral - had an acorn intensive economy - people were egalitarian |
| Nature in Indigenous Groups | - it is hard to separate the "natural" from the cultural - Acorns were tied to women's identities and relations |
| Shell Middens | - oysterns, clams, muscles |
| Shell Mound Archaic (8,500 - 3,000 BP) | - not monumental but had deep cultural value - places of repeated use - burial included human and dogs and showed violence |
| Paris Island Culture | - river settlements - soapstone - invention of pottery |
| Stallings Culture | - formed when some paris island peoples settled in the Fall Zone - elaborate pottery - circular villages |
| Mill Branch Culture | - branches from paris island culture and stallings - cultural resistance |
| Maritime Archaic | - first peoples to live in the arctic north - grave goods were specific to each person - large communities; pit houses and large longhouses |
| Port au Choix | - most famous cemetery - excellent preservation - red ochre - lots of grave goods (spearheads, wood, bones etc) |
| Dorset Peoples | - abandoned the bow and arrow - ramah chert use and exchange - disappeared 1,200 BP |
| Eastern Canadian Subarctic | - innu involved fur trade for centuries - gender roles that excluded women - colonialism greatly impacted indigenous people |
| Ontology | a set of concepts dealing with the nature of being |
| Relational Ontology | a worldview that considers the relations between things or beings as more fundamental than the things or beings themselves |
| Animism | a participatory religion in which individuals actively engage nonhuman agents in the course of everyday life |
| American Dark Ages (1600 -1100 BP) | - population dispersal (smaller villages) - decrease in trade - closure of hopewell sites |
| Troyville (1300 BP) | - central louisiana - decedents of hopewell |
| Late woodland | - bow and arrow replace spears - three sisters (beans, corn, and squash) |
| Temper Pottery | adding things to increase the strength of the pottery like shells and metals |
| Cahokia Development (1100 - 1000 BP) | - largest community in the Illinois are - homes for thousands - ceremonial areas |
| The peak of Cahokia | - maize, beans and squash - trade - copper, lithics, shells - had female gods; sacrificed young women |
| The Mississippians Southeast (800 - 400 BP) | - dental issues, broken limbs - more gender equity - shamans |
| Moundville (860 - 500 BP) | 1,000 - 2,000 people - the dead were brought here bc there was a great palisade to protect remains and grave goods |
| Mound Builder Myth | 19th century racist belief that indigenous people were too "primitive" to have built these large incredible earthen mounds |
| Mound builders | - large scale network or interaction - celestial alignment |
| Early Woodland Builders | - Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia - mounds used for burials |
| Adena Tradition (2500 - 2200 BP) | - Mound formation was conical, earth and stone was used, moderate to large - mounds used for burials, grave goods, and had cremations. |
| Charnel Houses | a building or vault in which corpses or bones are piled |
| Adena Objects | - NO POTTERY - hematite and other minerals - animal motifs and ritual pieces (teeth) |
| Hopewell Tradition (2200 - 1600 BP) | - geometric earthworks of enormous scale - mound formation: earth dug from ditches and carries from other parts _ mound used for burials, cremated most dead - mounds were locations of large scale gathering |
| Hopewell Objects | - came from Ohio to North Dakota - pottery vessels - human and zoomorphic figures - marine shells |
| Hopewell Daily life | - fewer centers than Adena - gathered more people than Adena |
| Poverty Point | - Northeast Louisiana - Massive complexes of earth works - 6 concentric 1/2 circle ridges - 5 mounds - 4 aisles |
| Poverty Point Objects | - Heavy minerals and rocks imported - poor preservation |
| Logic of Poverty Point | - laid out in reference to celestial bodies - 200 broken soapstone vessels were protection against dark forces from the west - no human burials |
| Shell Rings | - late archaic (4600 - 3200 BP) - Sewee Shell Ring, SC! - very few burials - lacking architecture - consists of shell, sand, and bone |
Created by:
mcc1028
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