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Sociology Exam #2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Group | consists of two or more individuals who interact, share goals and norms, and have a subjective awareness as “we.” |
| Social Categories | categories are not groups when the people involved do not necessarily know each other. They engage in similar behavior rather than meeting or hanging out together. EX: Teens, truck drivers, elderly |
| Dyad | a group of two people |
| triad | group of 3 people |
| Georg Simmel (1902) | discovered the group size effect; he observed how group size influences the behavior of the members. Tension builds when a third person is introduced into a two person group |
| Primary Groups | the consist of : intimate, face-to-face interaction relatively long-lasting relationships serving members’ emotional needs They have a powerful influence on their members and affect individuals’ personalities and identities. |
| Secondary Groups | larger in size than primary groups less intimate and more anonymous known to have a shorter duration less significant to members’ emotions and lives serving instrumental needs |
| Reference groups | provide standards for evaluating your values, attitudes, and behaviors You may or may not belong to this group. Strongly influence one’s aspirations, self-evaluation, and self-esteem. |
| In groups | are social groups that you belong to. It provides a sense of identity of |
| Out Groups | are complementary and are referred to as “them”; you are not a member of that group. |
| Social Networks | are links between individuals, groups, or other social units The strength of network links varies, yet networks that are weak still connect us to other networks. Networks help us achieve many of our objectives |
| The Asch Conformity Experiment | Solomon Asch showed that even simple objective facts cannot withstand the distorting pressure of group influence. Asch discovered that social pressure of a rather gentle sort was sufficient to cause an astonishing rise in the number of wrong answers. |
| The Milgram Obedience Studies | Stanley Milgram discovered that people are disturbingly likely to obey when an authority figure demands compliance. |
| Group Think | group decision making associated with unintended and disastrous consequences. |
| Risky Shift | : when people in a group are more likely to make risky decisions than if they are alone |
| Polarization Shift | occurs when group discussion leads to a shift to more or less risk-taking. |
| Formal Organization | is a large secondary group is highly organized to do a complex task(s) achieves goals efficiently has activities that are regulated/defined in advance is a place where conformity is expected/formally enforced |
| Normative Organizations | voluntary organizations participants share similar values and moral standards group activities are worthwhile Examples: PTA, choirs, bull-fighting clubs, monasteries |
| Coercive Organizations | are total institutions membership is largely involuntary Examples: prisons and detention centers |
| Utilitarian Groups | are large organizations are either for-profit or nonprofit members join for specific purposes, such as monetary reward Examples: Microsoft, General Motors, etc |
| Bureaucracies | large formal complex organizations based on rationality and efficiency Bureaucracies differ from small businesses in that they are large and impersonal. |
| Bureaucracies have 6 characteristics | 1. Division of labor and specialization 2. Hierarchy of authority 3. Rules and regulations 4. Impersonal relationships 5. Career ladder (advancement through the organization based on experience, education, and exams) 6. Efficiency |
| Problems found in bureaucracies | Ritualism Alienation Groupthink Risky shift |
| McDonaldization of Society | Modern society widely adopts McDonald’s prototype of the fast food restaurant business strategy. This system allows faster distribution of goods and services related to a large and ever-increasing demand for products. |
| Functionalism | Weber said that the positive functions of bureaucracy help the overall stability of society. |
| Conflict Perspective | hierarchy in bureaucracy is stratified: it encourages conflict among the individuals within it it lessens the smooth, efficient running of the organization |
| Symbolic Interaction | stresses the role of the self in any group Especially: how the self develops as a product of social interaction. |
| Deviance | is behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms. |
| Medicalization of Deviance | attributes deviant behavior to a “sick” state of mind, where the solution is to “cure” the deviance through therapy or other psychological treatment. |
| Deviant Identity | is the definition a person has of himself or herself as a deviant |
| Stigma | A social stigma is an attribute that is socially devalued and discredited, and may result in people being labeled as deviant. |
| Master Status | The label may become a master status (overriding all other features of the person’s identity). |
| Deviant Career | career is the direct outgrowth of the labeling process (there is a progression through deviance |
| Deviant Communities | groups that are organized around particular forms of deviance. Examples include: biker gangs, neo-Nazis, but also groups such as Weight Watchers and Alcoholics Anonymous |
| Functionalists | focus on how the behavior and the audience’s reactions to the behavior contribute to the stability of society. |
| Anomic Suicide | the disintegrating forces in the society make individuals feel lost or alone. |
| Altruistic suicide | there is excessive regulation of individuals by social forces. |
| Egoistic Suicide | occurs when people feel totally detached from society |
| Fatalistic Suicide | people feel that there is no way out—due to extreme overregulation. |
| Structural Strain Theory | Developed by Robert Merton He proposed people conform to the social expectation when the goals & means of reaching them are in balance. |
| Social Control theory | theory examines the culture’s value systems and people’s attachment—or lack thereof—to those values. |
| Conflict perspective | argues that the economic structure of capitalism produces deviance and crime. |
| Elite Deviance | refers to the wrongdoing of wealthy and powerful individuals and organizations |
| Differential Association Theory | : believes people become criminals when they are more strongly socialized to break the law than to obey it. For example: Hang out in a bar too long, and you will likely become an alcoholic. |
| Labeling Theory | interprets the responses of others as the most significant factor in understanding how deviant behavior is both created and sustained. |
| Label | when a person is assigned a deviant identity by others, including by agents of social institutions |
| Crime | deviant behavior that violates laws. |
| Criminology | is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior. |
| The Uniform Crime Reporting Program | based on actual national incident reports made by the police. |
| National Crime Victimization Surveys | a nationally representative sample of people who are asked if they have been the victims of one or more criminal acts |
| Problem With Statistics | underreporting (50% to 66% of all crimes may not be reported to police) |
| Police Brutality | of which killing is one of the most extreme forms, refers to the excessive use of force by the police. |
| Social Differentiation | is how different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society. |
| Social Stratification | is a relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth. It is is a system of structured social inequality. |
| Estate | is a system in which a small elite group (owners of property and power) has total control over resources |
| Caste | is a system where status is assigned based on ascribed status (given at birth). |
| Class | is a system based on ascribed and achieved statuses. |
| Economic Restructuring | the decline of manufacturing jobs in the United States. These structural changes are having a profound effect on the life chances of people in different social classes. |
| Income | is the amount of money brought into a household from various sources during a given period |
| Wealth | is the monetary value of everything one actually owns. |
| Socioeconomic Status | social class position is primarily measured in economic terms |
| Status attainment | is how people end up in a given stratified position. Class origins, educational level, and occupation produce class location. |
| Socioeconomic Status | is derived from several factors: income, occupational prestige, and education |
| Occupational Prestige | is the perceived, subjective rank assigned to an occupation; This is associated with number of years of formal education and degrees. High: physicians, professors, judges Middle: electricians, insurance agents Low: maids, garbage collectors |
| Educational attainment | the total number of years of formal education. |
| Urban Underclass | likely to be permanently unemployed and without much economic support. Has little or no opportunity for movement out of the worst poverty May become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities |
| Social Mobility | You may be able to climb up the ladder if others allow you to, or if you achieve it, but others may push you down or up a rung or two. |
| Class Consciousness | the existence of a class structure your shared identification with a given class |
| Two classes from Marx | Bourgeoise & Proletariat |
| Bourgeoise | factory owners |
| Proletariat | the workers |
| Weber 3 dimensions to stratification | class (the economic dimension); status (or prestige, the cultural and social dimension); and, party (or power, the political dimension). |
| Poverty Line | : amount of money needed to support the basic needs of a household Below this line, one is considered officially poor. Almost 40 million poor people in the United States (12.3% of the population) |
| Feminization of Poverty | large proportion of the poor are women/children. |
| Culture of Poverty | ” argues major causes of poverty are absence of work values and the irresponsibility of the poor. T |
| Temporay Assistance for Needy Families | TANF has a life-time limit of five years for people to receive aid. All recipients must find work within two years. Those without work in two years may be required to do community service for free |
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melodiruby
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