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AICP - Spatial

Examples of different spatial areas of practice

Question	Answer
National Level Planning	Generally defined by regulations that affect entire country - NEPA, Housing Acts, Transportation Acts or by actions of federal agencies - ACOE levees
Multi-State Planning	Cross state boundaries such as by watershed (Chesapeake Bay) or region (New England). Often involves cross state issues like water resources or transportation systems.
Within State Planning	State plans include hazard mitigation plans, food issues (food policy councils), air quality, wetlands, stormwater, sediment & erosion control, etc. 2005 Supreme Court decisions - states need framework to provide fair planning and decision-making
Dillon's Rule	Local jurisdictions have no powers other than those explicitly assigned to them by state governments
Home Rule	State transfers powers to the local government to adopt regulations
Sub-state or Regional Planning	Defined by region such as MD eastern shore - local jurisdictions dependent on one another to achieve goals of regional plans
County Planning	Tend to address challenges in that county - natural resources, housing, agriculture, econ development, etc.
Urban Planning	Boundaries can be defined by political boundaries or population (Metropolitan Statistical Area); Urban redevelopment, access to food, heat islands, tree cover, low-income pop, and other specialized issues.
Suburban Planning	Areas defined by style of land use (sprawl) or historical commuting patterns. Concerns include sprawl, loss of farmland, aging infrastructure, transportation/transit, infill deve.
Small Town Planning	Regulations focus on character and vitality of town.
Corridor Planning	Linear route - scale may vary from commercial street to stretch of interstate. Coordinate capital improvements and accessibility along the corridor. May be multi-jurisdictional.
Neighborhood Planning	Can be based on history, geography, street boundaries, socioecon factors, etc. Planning considerations deal with appearance, amenities, organizations.
Waterfront Planning	Location and economic activities make up plans for redevelopment. Mixed use, pollution, natural hazards, etc. May use tax incentives to attract commercial enterprises.
Historic District Planning	May be defined by architecture and cultural traditions. Blend architectural requirements with redevelopment, reduce heavy traffic, retain character.
Downtown Planning	Central Business Districts - mix of streets, shops, civic spaces, public spaces, etc. May identify BID - Business Improvement District to support enhancement activities (sidewalk maintenance, landscaping, etc).
Economic Development as focused on Spatial Areas	Convention Center Districts, Industrial Parks, Office Parks, Art Districts, etc.
Urban Design - Monumental City Design	Broad tree-lined boulevards, civic bldgs, large waterfront parks, museums were legacy of the White City and 1909 Plan of Chicago. Themselves derivations of Paris (Baron Haussmann), Versailles, etc.
Urban Design - Garden Suburbs	Suburbs include land for parks and greenways, curving streets and irregular landscaped lots. Ex are West Orange NJ, Llewelyn Park, Riverside, IL. Derived from English and Chinese gardens.
Urban Design - Garden Cities	Ebenezer Howard. Self-sufficient communities linked in clusters and surrounded by greenbelts. Letchworth & Hampstead Garden, England. Forest Hills Garden, NJ. Columbia, MD. Reston, VA. Fed neighborhood unit concept. Cul-de-sacs.
Urban Design - Modernism	Consistent urban image of tall bldg, cars, limited access highways. Groups of building isolated in park settings. Stadiums, rec facilities, museums along waterfronts.
Urban Design - Megastructure	Downtown buildings connected by walkways, covered shopping mall. City is one big building with capsules.
New Urbanism or Neo-traditionalism	mixed use neighborhoods, grid street patterns, higher densities, front porches, parking in the rear with alleys, apts above businesses, minimal side and front setbacks, town squares
Smart Growth	Seeks to place growth where it most makes sense from economic, social and environmental standpoint. Balance desires and concerns of multiple competing interests.
Neighborhood Identity	Community building block generally not included in municipal or county planning efforts. Needs engaged and empowered citizens. Planning and regs should empower a neighborhood sense of place.
Empowering neighborhoods	Encourage formation of organizations, include criteria to make them mouthpiece of the neighborhood. Provide funds and technical support. Leadership need to meet within and among other leaders and municipal officials.
Loss of rural and small towns	1. Dwindling populations generally due to lack of work. 2. Assimilated by expanding metro areas.
Urban:Rural Population Density Ratio	18 to 1 35%-40% of nation's poor live in rural areas.
Rural Area Planning Issues	smaller populations, more infrastructure 3x rate substandard housing poorer health care higher incidence of disease less govt
Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)	Created to assist rural area of Appalachia that was under severe economic distress
National Resources Planning Board, Roosevelt 1934	Encourage state planning boards. Scope included rural land use, resource development, transportation, energy, socioeconomic issues, resource allocation, suburbanization, access, and public works.
Neighborhood Collaborative Planning (1998 Policy Guide)	Strategic bldg blocks of comm development. Must understand social, economic, physical parts to keep sense of place and community. Planners must empower residents to collaborate with decision-makers and service provides and business leaders.

Created by: katec363

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