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AP Euro Unit 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Industrial Revolution | a fundamental change in the way goods were made for sale, from goods made by hand to goods made by machines |
| Anti-Corn-Law League | helped repeal the 1815 Corn Laws, which made cheaper the price of grain, and so people migrated to cities to work in factories |
| British Royal Society of the Arts | one of many institutions during the Industrial Revolution that awarded prizes for inventors and innovators |
| spinning jenny | invented by James Hargraves in 1764, made producing textiles exponentially faster and cheaper |
| steam engine | invented by James Watt in 1769, used coal and steam to power turbines, which could then power machines |
| Great Exhibition (1851) | Britain held an exhibition to display the innovations that led them to create and dominate the first part of the Industrial Revolution |
| Quentin Canal | major waterway that connected Paris with the iron and coal fields of the north; built by Napoleon |
| Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) | second wave of industrialization that occurred from 1870-1914 |
| Krupp Family | German family who perfected the process of making steel and used it to manufacture weapons; dominated the steel industry for over a century |
| Manchester | British city that was the first industrial city, built the first industrial parks |
| industrial park | a designated area of land specifically for manufacturing; first designated in Manchester, England |
| telegraph | invented by Samuel Morris, could send communications across wires to other places using electric circuits |
| vulcanization | a chemical process that made rubber harder and therefore more suitable for manufacturing |
| Henry Ford | American inventor who established an automobile company in Manchester, further connecting the American and British economies |
| Zollverein Agreement (1834) | agreement that lowered barriers to trade (like tariffs and customs), which united the German states economically |
| proletariat | the working class who worked in factories, often who migrated from the countryside to cities and lived in tenements; sense of solidarity formed to provide each other the support they were lacking |
| tenements | hastily constructed apartment buildings in urban areas where factory workers resided; often unsanitary and overcrowded |
| bourgeoisie | workers in management, medicine, law, thought-based fields instead of labor-based; had means to move to the suburbs; formed philanthropic organizations like the Freemasons |
| Freemasons | fraternal organization that middle-class men could join to help each other pursue common interests |
| cult of domesticity | in the middle class, a rigid social expectation existed that men worked, while women stayed home to raise children |
| Factory Act (1833 ) | act passed in England that mandated that children under the age of 9 could not legally work in a factory; made people aware that factory work was unsafe, especially for young ones |
| Ten Hours Act (1847) | a reform-minded Parliament restricted the total number of work hours to ten for children aged 13-18 and banned anyone under 13 from working at all |
| leisure culture | as the working class searched for things to do in their free time, philanthropists began to fund projects like urban parks, streetcars, cinema, and spectator sports like boxing |
| conservatism | political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions |
| Carlsbad Decrees (1819) | Austria decrees that outlawed nationalist organizations, dissolved student organizations, and removed liberal college professors from their posts |
| Greek War of Independence (1821-1832) | previously ruled by conservative Ottomans, liberal Greeks hosted a series of uprisings to win their independence in 1832 |
| nationalism | the desire of a group of people to have their own nation defined by their own language and shared cultural and historical heritage |
| Decembrist Revolt (1825) | liberal Russian officers protested the ascension of Nicholas I to the throne; revolt was quickly crushed by the monarchy's forces |
| July Revolution (1830) | middle and working class French liberals revolted against Charles X's conservative policies like suppressed suffrage and press censorship; |
| Louis-Philippe | duke of Orleans, ascended the French throne after Charles X abdicated during the July Revolution; maintained Charles X's conservative status quo |
| Frankfurt Assembly (1848) | delegates from the German states convened in Frankfurt to plan liberal reforms and draft a new constitution that would unify Germany |
| Tsar Alexander II | tsar who emancipated the serfs, modernized the Russian military, imposed some liberal reforms, and created independent courts which ensured justice for all |
| Tsar Alexander III | tsar who industrialized Russia |
| Sergei Witte | Alexander III's finance minister; modernized Russia's economy by enacting protective tariffs to boost domestic purchases; |
| Revolution of 1905 | impoverished Russians revolted against Alexander III's authoritarian governments; neogotiated in the October Manifesto some liberal reforms |
| October Manifesto (1905) | following the Revolution of 1905, Alexander III promised universal suffrage for men, citizenship to all Russians, freedom of speech, and a representative body called the Duma |
| liberalism | 19th century ideology which emphasized enlightened self-interest, limited government, natural rights, and popular sovereignty |
| utilitarianism | philosophy developed by Jeremy Bentham that actions should be judged based on whether they increase the happiness of those affection by the action |
| socialism | ideology that demands that a society's means of production should be owned by the community as a whole, not private individuals |
| utopian socialism | ideology that through conscience and morals, society could work together harmoniously without need for money or class |
| scientific socialism | Marx and Engels' idea that by using scientific reasoning to find predict social and economic phenomena, one could derive probable outcomes and future developments |
| anarchism | belief that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation |
| mass-based political parties | as European nations extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more voters' interests to win office |
| Social Democratic Party | German political party build on Marxist ideas of class struggle, and worked to improve the lives of the German working class |
| labor unions | groups of working-class people who promoted liberal economic reforms, especially in England |
| Sunday School Movement | as adults brought their children to learn reading, writing, and arithmetic, the adults themselves learned too, leading to a more literate and empowered society |
| Abolitionist Movement | movement especially popular in England that vied for the abolition of slavery; slavery was then officially abolished in Great Britain in 1838 |
| Kindergarten | concept by German Friedrich Froebel of sending children to recieve education during the day and do interactive activities |
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