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AP Euro Unit 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nation-state | a sovereign state who's citizens are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language and common descent |
| nationalism | a feeling of strong identification with one's own people and one's own cultural heritage, and those bonds are strengthened by a shared history and shared language |
| Napoleon III (r. 1852-1870) | expanded the French economy by promoting freer foreign relations and international trade, established suffrage for men, and enacted other liberal reforms |
| Young Italy | Italian unification movement started by Giuseppe Mazzini that performed protests and demonstrations |
| racialism | idea that one race is superior to another |
| Pan-Slavism | people in eastern Europe, the Balkans, and the Ottoman Empire bonded over a shared Slavic ethnicity and culture, led by Russia |
| Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906) | Jewish army captain Alfred Dreyfus was condemned and executed for treason; it was posthumously discovered that he was innocent, which disproved a lot of the public's antisemitism |
| pogroms | in Russia, Jews were evicted from their homes and violently attacked without warrant |
| zionism | Jewish nationalist movement that emerged as a result of late 19th century antisemitism; this ideology vied for the creation of a Jewish state |
| Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) | Prussian foreign minister who used Realpolitik to harness romantic nationalism and fought three wars to finally unify the German people under one state |
| Realpolitik | system of politics and principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations |
| Crimean War (1853-1856) | France, Britain, and the Ottomans allied against the Russian Empire for Crimea; Russia ultimately lost and inspired Nicholas I to industrialize Russia |
| Count Cavor | prime minister in the Piedmont region, where the demand for Italian unification was strongest |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | established militaries in southern Italy to assist in Italian unification |
| Red Shirts | militant Italian nationalists, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, who vied for the unification of an Italian state |
| Victor Emmanuel II | chased Napoleon III's troops in Rome back to France, completing the establishment of a unified Italy |
| Otto von Bismarck | Realpolitik politician who led Prussia through a series of wars in order to unify Germany |
| Prussian-Danish War (1864) | Bismarck successfully captures the Danish territories of Schleswig and Holstein for unified Germany |
| Austro-Prussian War (1866) | Bismarck aimed to reduce Austrian influence in Prussia and further the strength of Prussia in the German states |
| Franco-Prussian War (1870) | unified southern Germany by uniting the provinces against a common enemy; Bismarck falsified a French document to turn southern Germans against the French |
| Kaiser Wilhelm I (r. 1861-1888) | crowned king of the newly unified Germany in 1861 |
| Three Emperors' League (1873-1878) | Bismarck created an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia to control the unstable Balkan regions |
| Reinsurance Treaty (1887-1890) | Bismarck allied Germany with Russia, promising each other the other would remain neutral in the event either got into a conflict |
| Triple Alliance (1882-1915) | Bismarck allied Germany with Austria-Hungary and Italy |
| Congress of Berlin (1878) | Bismarck organized a conference to address the rising nationalism in the Balkans; in reality, it simply raised more nationalist feelings |
| natural selection | Darwin's idea that weaker species who do not adapt will die out and be replaced by the stronger species |
| Social Darwinism | the theory that individuals and peoples were subject to natural selection and was used to justify 19th century imperialism and racism |
| Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) | British philosopher who argued that because Britain possessed all the characteristics of a surviving, adapting society, their imperialism of African and Asian nations and peoples was justified |
| positivism | the idea that any rational conclusion must be able to be scientifically verified or provable through a mathematical equation; taught that truth can only be found through science and math |
| relativism | since positivism obliterated the idea that there was one overarching truth that applied to everyone everywhere, that meant that all truth was relative |
| irrationalism | philosophical movement led by thinkers like Nietzsche and Freud that argued human nature could not be decoded by science, but was controlled by impulses and urges unique to the human spirit |
| Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) | argued that reason actually played a very small role in human life but rather than people are governed by their passions and instincts; claimed that God was dead, humans had killed him, and this created opportunity for humans to be liberated |
| Henri Bergson (1859-1941) | argued that while science was beneficial for understanding your surroundings, reality could only be experienced intuitively, not analyzed scientifically |
| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) | established the field of psychology by applying modernist thought to the study of the human personality; argued that individuals weren't governed by rationalism but by their subconscious |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's idea of investigating the subconscious to treat mental health disorders |
| Max Planck (1858-1947) | discovered that atoms radiated heat, not in constant flows, but in erratic packets called quanta, disproving rationalist Newtonian belief and instead proving that at the atomic level, the world was chaotic and unpredictable |
| opium | to create a favorable balance of trade with China, Britain grew plants in India (where growing conditions were prime) and sold them to China, getting much of the population addicted and therefore increasing demand |
| Opium War (1839-1842) | the British won this war, and the second Opium War involving France forced China to reopen trading with Britain |
| Scramble for Africa | the clamoring for African territory, materials, and markets caused tensions between European powers; the British, French, Dutch, and Belgian |
| rifled barrel | spiral grooves along the inside of a gun, increasing the accuracy of each shot |
| minie ball | a conical bullet that was more accurate and did far more damage than a traditional musket |
| quinine | French physicians discovered that this remedy could treat malaria, a disease common in Africa; this meant European imperialists could invade Africa without contracting the disease |
| germ theory | discovery that sicknesses and infections were caused by microorganisms; revolutionized healthcare and the medical field |
| Romanticism (approx. 1800-1850) | prized raw emotion and subjectivity as a higher subject of artistic expression; themes of emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and national history |
| William Wordsworth (1770-1850) | English Romantic poet who's work is an ode to the glory of everyday objects |
| William Blake (1757-1827) | English Romantic artist who painted his interpretations of heaven and hell, with an emphasis on the feeling of faith |
| Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) | Russian composer whos symphonies used wavering volumes and pitches to induce emotion and feeling, especially that associated with the struggles of Russian life and politics |
| Realism (approx. 1850-1900) | art movement that sought to portray the world as it was, especially the world of everyday people as it was |
| Gustav Courbet (1819-1877) | French painter who led the Realist movement through his commitment to painting only and exactly what his eyes could see |
| Charles Dickens (1812-1870) | English writer who's novels depicted the lives of the peasantry and working class |
| Impressionism (approx. 1850-1950) | as the technology of photography was gaining widespread use, painters no longer felt the need to produce their subjects in realistic fashion but instead shifted to more abstract, subjective interpretations with light and color |
| Claude Monet (1840-1926) | French Impressionist painter who brought feeling and emotion to his scenes of natural beauty |
| Post-Impressionism (approx. 1875-1925) | French art movement that shifted towards a more symbolic use of light and color |
| Cubism (approx. 1900-1950) | art movement who's subjects were almost nonsensical; heavy emphasis on the use of geometry |
| Berlin Conference (1884) | Otto von Bismarck called a conference to settle diplomatic tensions by partitioning Africa between European nations |
| Fashoda Crisis (1898) | England and France almost went to war over over the Sudanese territory of Fashoda |
| Entente Cordiale (1904) | to settle the Fashoda Crisis and gain an ally against the growing power of rival Germany, France allied with Britain to establish friendly relations between the two |
| Moroccan Crises (1905 & 1911) | Germans backed native rebellions against the French regimes in North Africa; without allies, Germany withdraws; demonstrated the increasing bond between France and Britain and increasing antagonism between them and Germany |
| Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) | British writer who published his disgust towards the Belgian regimes established in Africa by King Leopold II |
| Congo Reform Association | gathered notable writers of the age and outlined King Leopold's violence in the Congo, condemning it; forced Leopold to resign his personal rights to the Congo to Belgium itself |
| Menelik II (1844-1913) | Ethiopian king who imported European weapons to defeat Italy and win independence for his country |
| Sepoy Rebellion (1857) | a nationalist movement embodied Indian soldiers who felt that their forced position in the British army stripped them of their culture; occupation of India was transferred from the British East India Company and into the hands of Britain itself |
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