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Which of the following diseases is generally caused by contaminated food?
Mumps
Shigellosis
Legionellosis
Tuberculosis
Mumps
Shigellosis
Legionellosis
Tuberculosis
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“Animalcules” were first described by
Robert Hooke
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Hans Janssen
John Needham
Robert Hooke
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Hans Janssen
John Needham
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microbiology final
final weeks 1-16
| Which of the following diseases is generally caused by contaminated food? Mumps Shigellosis Legionellosis Tuberculosis | Shigellosis |
| “Animalcules” were first described by Robert Hooke Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Hans Janssen John Needham | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |
| A microscope that provides a three-dimensional image of a specimen is a dark-field microscope. transmission electron microscope. bright-field microscope. scanning electron microscope. | scanning electron microscope. |
| Which of the following scientists discovered the antibiotic properties of Penicillium? Alexander Fleming Louis Pasteur Joseph Lister Edward Jenner | Alexander Fleming |
| Which scientist is most responsible for ending the controversy about spontaneous generation? John Needham Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch | Louis Pasteur |
| Molds belong to which of the following groups of eukaryotic organisms? Protozoans Archaea Fungi Algae | Fungi |
| Which of the following is used to add color to microbes so they can be better observed under a microscope? Stains and dyes Growth media Inoculation loops Petri dishes | Stains and dyes |
| Complex communities of microorganisms on surfaces are called colonies biofilms biospheres flora | biofilms |
| A relationship between organisms in which the waste product of one provides nutrients for another is called mutualism competition synergism commensalism | commensalism |
| Which of the following scientists performed the first vaccination against smallpox? Pasteur Jenner Semmelweis Koch | Jenner |
| The cell organelles found only in algae and plant cells are chloroplasts mitochondria vacuoles vesicles | chloroplasts |
| The structures that can move fluid, mucus, or cells over the surface of a cell are microvilli cilia fimbriae flagella | cilia |
| The cell organelle responsible for the packaging of proteins is the ribosome Golgi complex rER lysosome | Golgi complex |
| Which of the following organelles contain oxidative enzymes capable of oxidizing toxic substances? Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosomes Peroxisomes | Peroxisomes |
| Which of the following organisms produces toxins that target cholesterol? Aeromonas hydrophila Escherichia coli Streptococcus pyogenes Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Which of the following is an active transport mechanism? Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Filtration Pinocytosis | Pinocytosis |
| Binary fission is a form of reproduction used by viruses bacteria fungi helminths | bacteria |
| he actual genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its phenotype genotype conjugation construct | genotype |
| A special structure formed by some bacterial cells to allow them to survive in harsh conditions is called a(n)________________________. Nuclein Mitochondria Endospore Cytoplasm | Endospore |
| Formic acid is a fermentation product of Streptococcus Klebsiella Clostridium Actinomyces | Actinomyces |
| Rod-shaped bacteria, some of which are endospore forming, are referred to as cocci bacilli spirals vibrios | bacilli |
| Beadlike chains of cocci formed after cell division along a single axis are called diplococci streptococci tetrads sarcinae | streptococci |
| The causative agent for Lyme disease is a Spirochete Spirillum Vibrio Diplococcus | Spirochete |
| Bacteria that use organic compounds as the source of both carbon and energy are referred to as photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs photoheterotrophs chemoheterotrophs | chemoheterotrophs |
| Microorganisms that show optimal growth in moderate temperatures (between 25° C and 40° C) are called thermophiles psychrophiles mesophiles psychrotrophs | mesophiles |
| Which of the following organisms is a common cause of peptic ulcers? Treponema pallidum Vibrio cholerae Helicobacter pylor Escherichia coli | Helicobacter pylor |
| Legionella and Neisseria are examples of facultative anaerobic gram-negative rods gram-negative aerobic rods and cocc spirochetes anaerobic gram-negative cocci | gram-negative aerobic rods and cocc |
| Staphylococci and streptococci are best classified in the group of gram-positive cocci gram-negative cocci gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci anaerobic gram-negative cocci | gram-positive cocci |
| Bacteria that prefer high levels of salt in their growing environment are referred to as calciphiles halophiles osmophiles mesophiles | halophiles |
| The time bacteria need to adapt to a medium before cell division starts is called the __________ phase of a bacterial growth curve. Lag Logarithmic growth Stationary Death | Lag |
| Viruses can infect plants bacteria animals all organisms | all organisms |
| adsorption, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, release penetration, adsorption, assembly, uncoating, replication, release adsorpb, uncoat, penetrate, replicate, assembly, release penetrate, uncoat, adsorpb, replicate, assembly, release | adsorption, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, release |
| A persistent infection that is not lytic but productive is called a __________ infection. chronic latent slow transforming | chronic |
| Which of the following viruses belong to the family Herpesviridae? Poxvirus Epstein-Barr virus SARS HIV | Epstein-Barr virus |
| The most common viruses causing respiratory illness belong to Herpesviridae Papovaviridae Adenoviridae Poxviridae | Adenoviridae |
| Which of the following bunyaviruses is not arthropod-borne? Phlebovirus Hantavirus Nairovirus Uukuvirus | Hantavirus |
| Which of the following diseases is caused by a human coronavirus? Hepatitis B Measles SARS Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease | SARS |
| Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by You Answered flavoviruses virusoids prions orthomyxoviruses | prions |
| The phase of viral multiplication where no infectious phage particles can be found in the host cell is referred to as the ____________ period. Lytic Eclipse Lysis and release Lysogenic | Eclipse |
| A virus that infects bacteria is referred to as a __________ virusoid bacteriophage viroid prion | bacteriophage |
| The antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin are produced by algae slime molds fungi protozoans | fungi |
| Fungi are free-living _________ organisms. autotrophic chemotrophic heterotrophic phototrophic | heterotrophic |
| The so-called “red tide” is generally caused by which of the following organisms? Lichens Bacteria Pfiesteria Dinoflagellates | Dinoflagellates |
| Which of the following microorganisms require a moist environment to survive and most often live in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans? Mycorrhizae Armillaria gallica Blastospores Protozoans | Protozoans |
| Plasmodium is a type of algae protozoan slime mold helminth | protozoan |
| Toxoplasma gondii belongs to which group of eukaryotic organisms? Algae Fungi Protozoans Helminths | Protozoans |
| Which of the following is commonly referred to as a pinworm? Enterobius vermicularis Necator americanus Ascaris lumbricoides Ancylostoma duodenale | Enterobius vermicularis |
| The protozoan that lacks a cyst stage and therefore must be transferred quickly from host to host is Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Balantidium coli Entamoeba histolytica | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| The process by which the nucleus of protozoans undergoes multiple divisions before the cell divides is called budding mitosis schizogony fragmentation | schizogony |
| Many species of protozoans are capable of entering a dormant stage in which the organism exists as a __________ cyst Mitosome Apical complex Sporozoite | cyst |
| Decontamination is defined as the killing of all microorganisms in a given area reduction or removal of unwanted chemical or biological agents stopping of the growth of microorganisms in a given area removal of all vegetative organisms | reduction or removal of unwanted chemical or biological agents |
| Which of the following has a higher resistance to environmental stresses than the others? Bacterial endospores Fungal spores Enveloped viruses Vegetative bacterial cells | Bacterial endospores |
| Which of the following methods is the simplest heat-related method to sterilize metal? Incineration Autoclaving Direct flaming Indirect heating | Direct flaming |
| The technique that combines freezing and drying to preserve microbes and other cells is desiccation lyophilization pasteurization radiation | lyophilization |
| The term “zone of inhibition” is used in which of the following procedures? Use-dilution test Growth inhibition test Disk-diffusion test Multiple inhibition test | Disk-diffusion test |
| Which of the following is a general-purpose medium? Tryptic soy agar Blood agar Mannitol salt agar MacConkey agar | Tryptic soy agar |
| The destruction of all microorganisms and their endospores is referred to as disinfection degermination sanitization sterilization | sterilization |
| Which of the following stains is the most widely used differential stain in hematology laboratories? Carbolfuchsin stain Ziehl-Neelson stain Kinyoun stain Wright’s stain | Wright’s stain |
| Media that contain complex organic substances such as blood for the growth of specific bacteria are referred to as enriched media general-purpose media Irradiation reducing media | enriched media |
| The stain used to identify bacteria with a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls is the acid-fast stain methylene blue stain Gram stain negative stain | Gram stain |
| The branch of pharmacology that addresses drug amounts at various sites in the body after drug administration is called pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics pharmacotherapeutics pharmacy | pharmacokinetics |
| The most rapid rate of drug absorption is achieved by __________ administration. on the skin intravenous intramuscular sublingual | intravenous |
| The specific antidote to botulinum toxin is sodium bicarbonate pralidoxime antitoxin naloxone | antitoxin |
| The term used to indicate the extent to which a drug reaches its site of action is bioavailability bioactivity bioremediation biostasis | bioavailability |
| All of the following are general metabolic or structural targets for antimicrobial drugs except Lipid synthesis inhibition Protein synthesis inhibition Interference with nucleic acid synthesis Interference with cell wall synthesis | Lipid synthesis inhibition |
| Which of the following is not a common characteristic used in the selection of an antimicrobial drug? Selective toxicity Ability to administer intravenously Potential for allergic reaction | Ability to administer intravenously |
| The term bacteriostatic means that bacteria are killed by the antimicrobial drug show continuous growth no longer cause disease no longer can multiply | no longer can multiply |
| When two antibiotics are given together to increase the therapeutic effect, the phenomenon is referred to as antagonism mutualism synergism parasitism | synergism |
| Which of the following antimicrobials is effective against mycobacteria? Penicillin Rifampin Erythromycin Cephalosporin | Rifampin |
| Which of the following is an antiviral agent? Amantadine Vancomycin Chloramphenicol Macrolides | Amantadine |
| Which type of symbiosis benefits both members? Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Pathogenesis | Mutualism |
| The presence of microbes in or on the body is a(n) infection disease contamination adhesion | contamination |
| When a pathogen spreads from the original site to other tissues or organs it is called a(n) __________ infection. local focal natural acute | focal |
| Which of the following is likely to be the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens? Skin Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory tract Conjunctiva | Respiratory tract |
| The number of new cases of a disease over a certain period of time compared with the general healthy population is a referred to as incidence prevalence virulence mortality | incidence |
| An antibody is a substance initiating an allergic response a marker on the cell surface of macrophages a protein produced by plasma cells a marker on the cell surface of macrophages | a protein produced by plasma cells |
| Which of the following provide defense against viral infections? Histamines Antibiotics Prostaglandins Interferons | Interferons |
| Immunity that is a result of an actual infection is called artificially acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity | naturally acquired active immunity |
| Which of the following is not part of the second line of defense? pH of the skin Cytokines Phagocytosis Fever | pH of the skin |
| GALT is an example of a collection of lymphatic nodules in the respiratory tract small intestine stomach female reproductive system | small intestine |
| Langerhans cells, which play a role in defense against microbes, are located in the Dermis Mucous Membrane Epidermis Hypodermis | Epidermis |
| Which of the following organisms is the causative agent of skin infections and toxic shock syndrome? Propionibacterium acnes Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Staphylococcus aureus |
| he organism often called “flesh-eating bacteria” is Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Propionibacterium acnes Staphylococcus epidermidis | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Warts are commonly caused by the HIV varicella-zoster virus herpesvirus human papillomavirus | human papillomavirus |
| Diaper rash in infants is commonly caused by Actinomyces Sporothrix schenckii Malassezia furfur Candida albicans | Candida albicans |
| Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the mouth scalp hands feet | scalp |
| The most important fungi that cause diseases of the skin, hair, and nails are called Plasmodium sporozoites dermatophytes nematodes | dermatophytes |
| Its difficult for antibiotics to reach the infection site of osteomyelitis primarily because of inflammation and edema destruction of the local blood supply denaturing of the drug by normal flora excessive production of pus at the infection site | destruction of the local blood supply |
| Athlete’s foot” is referred to as tinea pedis tinea capitis tinea versicolor tinea corporis | tinea pedis |
| The papillary layer of the skin is part of the dermis hypodermis subcutaneous layer epidermis | dermis |
| All of the following are structures of the lower respiratory system except Trachea Pharynx Lungs Bronchi | Pharynx |
| Which of the following organisms is commonly found in the normal flora of the upper respiratory system? Mycoplasma pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae Bordetella pertussis | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Whooping cough is caused by the organism Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bordetella pertussis Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae | Bordetella pertussis |
| Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through aerosols oral-fecal route fomites blood transfusions | aerosols |
| Which of the following geographic areas contains reservoirs for Coccidioides immitis? France Arizona Iowa South Africa | Arizona |
| The “strawberry tongue” symptom is often associated with pharyngitis pneumonia scarlet fever rheumatic fever | scarlet fever |
| Strep throat is caused by which of the following organisms? Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus faecalis Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pneumoniae | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, motile bacillus gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus gram-negative, encapsulated bacillus gram-positive, encapsulated coccus | gram-negative, encapsulated bacillus |
| The formation of a “fungus ball” within preexisting cavities is a common development in pulmonary aspergillosis blastomycosis histoplasmosis coccidioidomycosis | pulmonary aspergillosis |
| Which of the following cannot be and should not be treated with antibiotics? Diphtheria Common cold Strep throat Tuberculosis | Common cold |
| All of the following are components of the gastrointestinal tract except the stomach spleen pharynx esophagus | spleen |
| Many peptic ulcers are due to Helicobacter pylori Salmonella enterica Salmonella typhi Shigella boydii | Helicobacter pylori |
| Bacillary dysentery is also called campylobacteriosis typhoid fever shigellosis salmonellosis | shigellosis |
| The most common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and children is adenoviruses noroviruses caliciviruses rotaviruses | rotaviruses |
| (+) ssRNA viruses that have been isolated from birds, cats, dogs, pigs, sheep, cows, and humans and are a major cause of gastroenteritis are the noroviruses rotaviruses adenoviruses caliciviruses | caliciviruses |
| The human pinworm Enterobius vermicularis lives in the __________ of humans. rectum transverse colon ileum | rectum |
| Giardiasis is a waterborne gastrointestinal disease caused by Giardia intestinalis, which is a fungus virus protozoan bacterium | protozoan |
| Cholera is a serious gastrointestinal illness caused by bacteria of the genus Escherichia Acinetobacter Vibrio Salmonella | Vibrio |
| Botulism is a disease caused by the production of a potent neurotoxin by bacteria of the genus Salmonella Klebsiella Staphylococcus Clostridium | Clostridium |
| A microbial biofilm that can form on the enamel surface of teeth and often causes tooth decay and/or periodontal problems is referred to as______ __________. dental plaque mucosa periodontitis gingivitis | dental plaque |
| An inflammation of the brain is called_________ meningoencephalitis meningitis bacteremia encephalitis | encephalitis |
| To prevent meningitis, routine vaccination in the United States is provided against______________ Mycobacterium tuberculosis Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria meningitidis Listeria monocytogenes | Haemophilus influenzae |
| Meningococcal meningitis is caused by________ Neisseria meningitidis Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Haemophilus influenzae | Neisseria meningitidis |
| In bacterial meningitis, some antibiotics are prevented from reaching the infection due to chemical degradation of the antibiotic scar tissue formation degradation of local blood vessels blood-brain barrier | blood-brain barrier |
| Toxoplasmosis is caused by the organism Toxoplasma gondii, which is a___________ virus protozoan fungus bacterium | protozoan |
| The toxic condition caused by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood is referred to as_____ bloodborne infection septicemia shock bacteremia | septicemia |
| When microorganisms enter the circulatory system through the lymphatic drainage and cause an infection, the condition is called__________________ viremia microbemia bacteremia septicemia | microbemia |
| Malaria is caused by a _________ virus helminth protozoan bacterium | protozoan |
| Which of the following is the causative agent for fungal meningitis, mostly in immunocompromised patients? Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma brucei Cryptococcus neoformans Listeria meningitis | Cryptococcus neoformans |
| The term used to describe an inflammation of the saclike membrane surrounding the heart is ________________ anemia myocardial infarction pericarditis peritonitis | pericarditis |
| The primary bacterium responsible for most UTIs is _______ Escherichia coli Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus Lactobacillus acidophilus | Escherichia coli |
| The urinary tract infection involving infection of the urinary bladder is called __________ cystitis colitis phenylketonuria gram-negativetoxoplasmosis | cystitis |
| The presence of bacteria in the urine is called urethritis bacteriuria toxemia mycoses | bacteriuria |
| The most common fungus causing urinary tract infections is Microsporum Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisia Rhizopus | Candida albicans |
| Two parasites that cause urinary tract infections are Giardia lamblia and Treponema pallidum Schistosoma haematobium and Trichomonas vaginalis Plasmodium falciparum and Giardia lamblia Plasmodium and Borrelia burgdorferi | Schistosoma haematobium and Trichomonas vaginalis |
| Bacteria responsible for nonsexually transmitted infections of reproductive system S. faecalis, K. oxytoca, and S. marcescens C. tetani, B. cereus, and S. aureus N. gonorrhoeae, H. pylori, and P. aeruginosa E. coli, G. vaginalis, and S. aureus | Escherichia coli, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Staphylococcus aureus |
| The normal flora present in the healthy male reproductive system is best characterized as primarily gram-positive rods sterile, no normal flora acid-fast rods. gram-positive spore formers only | sterile, no normal flora |
| Factors that can increase the chances of vaginitis are use of antibiotics, pregnancy, and menopause menopause, stress, and steroid use puberty, exposure to HPV, and smoking/tobacco use urinary blockage, drug use, and stress | use of antibiotics, pregnancy, and menopause |
| The drug most often used in fighting protozoan infections of the reproductive system is ciprofloxacin ampicillin tetracycline metronidazole | metronidazole |
| One of the defense mechanisms in place in the organs/tissues of the reproductive tract that prevent microbial infection includes high sugar concentration high body temperature alkaline pH acidic pH | acidic pH |
| The highly specialized structure that protects the fetus from microorganisms is the____________ mammary gland uterus placenta vagina | placenta |
| Congenital CMV infections are caused by coronavirus Epstein-Barr virus herpes simplex virus cytomegalovirus | cytomegalovirus |
| Infectious mononucleosis most often occurs in young adults adolescents the elderly infants | young adults |
| Infectious diseases in the adult population are responsible for about one-third of all deaths in individuals over the age of 65 years 60 years 50 years 55 years | 65 years |
| Which of the following is a Category A agent? Chlamydia psittaci Vibrio cholerae Bacillus anthracis Escherichia coli | Bacillus anthracis |
| The most lethal form of anthrax is nasopharyngeal inhalation anthrax gastrointestinal cutaneous anthrax | inhalation anthrax |
| Which of the following diseases was declared by the WHO in 1980 to be eradicated? Pertussis Botulism Mumps Smallpox | Smallpox |
| Specific small niches in which populations and guilds within a community reside are referred to as ______ biospheres habitats ecosystems microhabitats | microhabitats |
| Which of the following processes is most commonly used in wastewater treatment? Carbon dioxide Anammox Sulfur Phosphorus | Anammox |
| Which of the following diseases was declared by the WHO in 1980 to be eradicated? Botulism Pertussis Mumps Smallpox | Smallpox |
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