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ap psychology unit 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology Student Syndrome: | Psychology students studying abnormal behavior can also become convinced that they have some mental disorder |
| Abnormal Psychology: | The scientific study of abnormal behavior undertaken to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning |
| Deviant | Abnormal behavior, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from a society’s ideas about proper functioning |
| Distress | The person reports feeling pain and discomfort associated with his or her emotions, thoughts, or behaviors |
| Dysfunctional | Interfering with the ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way |
| Danger | Abnormal behavior becomes dangerous to oneself or others Individuals behavior is consistently careless, hostile, or confused may be placing themselves or those around them at risk |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) | Manual that lists 541 diagnoses, most widely used classification system |
| Model | Set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations (synonym-paradigm) |
| Medical/Biological Models: | View abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by the malfunctions parts of the organism, believe that the most effective treatments are biological ones |
| Psychodynamic Model | Believe that a person’s behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which he or she is not consciously aware |
| Behavioral Model: | Believe that our actions are determined largely by our experiences in life (response to environment) |
| Cognitive Model: | Cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions Abnormal behavior is caused by faulty and irrational cognitions |
| Biopsychosocial Model: | Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, cultural and societal influences |
| Stigma | The societal disapproval and judgment of a person with mental illness because they do not fit their community’s social norms |
| Anxiety Disorders: | Anxiety is the primary symptom or the primary cause of other symptoms for all anxiety disorders |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything |
| Panic Disorder | Anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks |
| Specific Phobia: | : Intense, irrational fear responses to specific stimuli |
| Agoraphobia: | Afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if panic-like or embarrassing symptoms were to occur |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD | Compound disorder of thought and behavior |
| Obsessions | are persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts that an individual cannot get out of his or her mind |
| Compulsions | are ritualistic behaviors performed repeatedly |
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): | Result of some trauma experienced by the victim. Victims re-experience the traumatic event in nightmares about the event, or flashbacks in which they relieve the event |
| Major Depressive Disorder: | Involves intense depressed mood, reduced interest or pleasure in activities, loss of energy, and problems in making decisions for a minimum of 2 weeks |
| Bipolar Disorder: | Mood swings alternating between periods of major depression and mania |
| Rapid cycling | is usually short periods of mania followed almost immediately by deep depression, usually for longer duration |
| Behavior Therapy: | Goal is to extinguish unwanted behavior and replace it with more adaptive behavior |
| Behavior Modification: | The client selects a goal and with each step toward it, receives a small reward until the intended goal is finally achieved |
| Exposure Treatments: | Behavioral treatments in which persons are exposed to the objects or situations they dread |
| Systematic Desensitization: Developed by Joseph Wolpe, | reconditioning so that the crucial conditioned stimulus elicits the new conditioned response Client learns to practice deep relaxation Led by therapist, client is introduced to the least feared object during deep relaxation then next, etc. |
| Flooding | Client is fully exposed to the anxiety-producing stimulus in a harmless and controlled situation from which he or she cannot escape in which extinction is achieved |
| Aversion Therapy: | Trains the client to associate physical or psychological discomfort with behaviors, thoughts or situations he or she wants to stop or avoid |
| Token Economy | Positive behaviors are rewarded with secondary reinforcers (tokens, points, etc.) which can eventually be exchanged for extrinsic rewards |
| Biofeedback: P | Provides feedback, or information about our biological reaction to the environment |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists: | Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty thought patterns |
| Cognitive restructuring, | is turning the faulty, disordered thoughts into more realistic thoughts, client may change abnormal behavior |
| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) | Developed in 1950s by Albert Ellis, psychological problems arise when thoughts are irrational and lead to behavioral consequences that are distressful |
| Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy: | concluded that the symptoms of depression grew as a result of cognitive dysfunctions Cognitive Therapy to alleviate faulty and negative thoughts |
| Beck’s Cognitive Triad: | Three interrelated and dysfunctional types of automatic thinking |
| Beck’s Cognitive Triad: | Negative thoughts about self Negative thoughts about the world Negative thoughts about the future |
| Beck’s Cognitive Triad: | Catastrophizing-”If I don’t earn a 5 on my AP Psych exam, my life will be ruined” All-or-none thinking, “He never called me back; I must be a total loser” Personalization, “The teacher didn’t call on me because she hates me” |
| Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): | Disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | Disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities |
| Intellectual Disability (ID): | Disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average |
| Alzheimer’s Disease: | Fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die, characterized by loss of memory, reasoning, emotion, and control of bodily functions |
| Personality Disorders: | Longstanding, maladaptive thought and behavior patterns that are troublesome to others, harmful, or illegal |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder: | Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness about other people’s motives, and usually those motives are considered malevolent |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder: | Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion |
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder: | Characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) | Characterized by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights (closely linked to criminal behavior) |
| Borderline Personality Disorder: | Characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder: | Characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality (dramatic) and attention seeking |
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder: | Characterized by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder: | Characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation/potential rejection, humanilitation |
| Dependent Personality Disorder: | Characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of |
| Trephining (Ancient Times): | Holes are drilled into a living person’s skull in order to release demonic spirits thought to be causing the person’s disordered behaviors |
| Hippocrates, Ancient Greek Physician 500 B.C. | : Believed that abnormal behavior was a disease arising from internal physical problems (imbalance of four fluids, or humors) |
| Philippe Pinel: | In the late 1700s, French physician, argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill, brought reform in the way mental institutions would be run |
| Dorothea Dix | School teacher who made humane care a public and political concern in the United States from 1841 to 1881 |
| Psychopharmacologic Revolution: | Effective drugs for conditions like schizophrenia and depression were found in the 1950s by accident |
| Deinstitutionalization | : When better psychotropic drugs were created this movement began to remove patients who were not considered a threat to themselves or the community from mental hospitals |
| Psychiatrist | Medical doctor (MD) and the only mental health professional who can prescribe medication or perform surgery |
| Clinical Psychologists: | Must earn a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD) which includes a supervised internship and then a licensing exam |
| Clinical Researcher: | : Try to determine which concepts best explain and predict abnormal behavior, which treatments are most effective, and what kinds of changes may be required |
| Psychopathology | the scientific study of mental disorders, including efforts to understand their genetic, biological, psychological, and social causes |
| Etiology | cause of disease |
| Psychotherapy “Counseling” “Therapy” | Umbrella term that describes the treatment of mental health problem through interaction between trained psychologists and those seeking help to achieve higher levels of functioning |
| Eclectic Approach | many mental health professionals take ideas from a variety of approaches to best serve the client |
| Insight Therapies: | Designed to help clients understand the causes of their problems. This understanding or insight will then help clients gain greater control over their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
| Psychoanalysis | The primary focus of psychodynamic therapy is to uncover the unconscious content of a client’s psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension |
| Psychodynamic Therapy: | Evolved from Freud’s original approach, based on the ideas that a person’s development is often determined by forgotten events in early childhood, human behavior and dysfunction are largely influenced by the unconscious |
| Free Association | The client spontaneously reports thoughts, feelings, and mental images that come to mind (no censorship) |
| Resistance: | The patient’s conscious or unconscious attempt to block disturbing memories, motives, and experiences (sensitive material) |
| Transference | The process by which a patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist |
| Dream Analysis | Freud believed that dreams are symbolic representations of unconscious conflicts and repressed impulses |
| Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) | Enable people to gain insight into the causes of their problems, but it focuses on current relations to relieve present symptoms |
| Humanistic Therapy: | Aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| Person-Centered (Rogerian-Therapy | One of the most widely used models in psychotherapy today developed by Carl Rogers. Nondirective therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights |
| Person-Centered (Rogerian-Therapy): | Unconditional Positive Regard, allow client to steer the direction of the therapy, clients have value Empathy, ability to truly see, feel, & understand what client is experiencing Genuineness, therapist is willing to foster honest/open relationship |
| Active Listening in person-centered therapy: | Active listening, therapist listens to client, paraphrasing what the client says, prevents advice or judgements |
| Gestalt Therapy: | Therapists goal is to push clients to decide whether they will allow past conflicts to control their future or whether they will take control of their own destiny |
| Empty-chair technique | in which a patient sits in front of an empty chair and imagines that the person to whom she/he needs to express his/her feelings is in the chair |
| Group Therapy: | In a small group, usually around 6 to 12, persons with similar problems come together under the direction or facilitation of a trained therapist or counselor to discuss their psychological issues |
| Self-Help Groups: | Facilitator organizes meetings, but there is an absence of a trained psychotherapist directing the process of the group |
| Couples/Family Therapy | : Trained professionals can direct spouses and family members to openly discuss their individual perspectives on the same issue |
| Somatic Symptom Disorders: | Characterized by psychiatric symptoms associated with physical complaints |
| Somatic Symptom Disorder (SDD): | Characterized by physical symptoms including pain, and high anxiety in these individuals about having a disease |
| Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD): | Characterized by a preoccupation with a serious medical or health condition with either no or mild physical (somatic) symptoms such as nausea or dizziness that has persisted for 6 months |
| Conversion Disorder: | Characterized by loss of some bodily function without physical damage to the affected organs or their neural connections |
| Dissociative Disorders: | Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss or memory (amnesia) or change in identity |
| Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia: | Loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember |
| Dissociative Fugue | Extreme version of dissociative amnesia, forget about personal identities and details of past lives, flee to new location) |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): | Rare mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that recurrently control a person’s behavior |
| Schizophrenia: P | Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities |
| Psychosis “Syndrome”: | Any disorder in which the affected person has lost contact with reality (break with reality) |
| Positive Symptoms: | : Characteristics of schizophrenia that are added to a person’s personality, such as hallucinations, inappropriate emotions, delusions |
| Schizophrenia Delusions: | Bizarre or far fetched belief that are unchanging even after being proven incorrect |
| Delusions of reference: | Believing that hidden messages are being sent to you via newspaper, TV, radio, or magazines |
| Schizophrenic Delusions of Grandeur: | Believing you are someone very powerful or important, have special abilities, possessions, or powers |
| Delusions of persecution: | Believing that spies, aliens, the government, or even your neighbors are plotting against you (most common) |
| Schizophrenia Hallucinations: | Perceiving a sensory stimuli that no one else is able to perceive, vividly real to the person experiencing it, content is usually negative |
| isorganized Speech/Thinking: | Combing thoughts or switching from one thought to another “word salad” |
| Inappropriate Affect: | Emotions are unsuited to the situation |
| Negative Symptoms: | Characteristics taken away from a person’s personality; things that the individual does not do |
| Catatonia | A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing |
| Catatonia Description: | Stupor, stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless and silent for a long period of time Rigidity, maintain a rigid, upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved Posturing, awkward bizarre positions for long periods of time |
| Flat Affect: | Withholding of emotions and exhibiting diminished emotional expression |
| Schizophrenia Etiology (Cause): | While genetics, environment, neurobiology, and psychosocial stress contribute to schizophrenia, the exact cause of the disease is unknown |
| Genetic Link to Schizophrenia: | Strong genetic link to family members |
| Dopamine Hypothesis | High fluctuation of levels of dopamine can be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms Potential link between high levels of dopamine and the development of schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions |
| Diathesis-Stress Model: | People inherit a predisposition or diathesis that increases their risk of schizophrenia; exposure to stress may put one at higher risk of developing schizophrenia |
| Biomedical Therapy: | Based on the premise that the symptoms of many psychological disorders involve biological factors, involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders |
| Psychopharmacology: | The study of how psychotropic drugs affect mental processes and behavior Medications used to treat psychological disorders are called psychotropic medications |
| Confidentiality & The Law: | Psychotherapists and psychiatrists are required by law to protect the confidentiality of their clients Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), sets limits on the way patient or client information can be shared |
| Antianxiety Drugs (Anxiolytic): | Designed to reduce anxiety and produce relaxation by lowering sympathetic activity in the brain |
| Antidepressant Drugs: | NDRI (norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors) SNRI (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) SSRI |
| Stimulants: | Stimulate the central nervous system, stop the absorption of dopamine and norepinephrine and allow the brain to experience more stimulation |
| Antipsychotic Drugs: | Designed to diminish or eliminate positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms of schizophrenia |
| Assessing Psychotropic Drugs: | Psychotropic drugs are only prescribed after a careful diagnosis by a medical doctor |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): | A biological treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered as an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient’s forehead |
| Psychosurgery/Neurosurgery: | The most dramatic and least used biomedical intervention for changing behaviors, involves removing or lesioning brain tissue, process is irreversible |
| Bilateral anterior cingulotomy | involves inserting an electrode into the brain & carefully guiding it to specific neurons that connect frontal lobe and limbic system (small areas of selected brain cells are destroyed) |
| Deep Brain Stimulation | Treating severe cases of depression, thin wire is surgically implanted in the area of the brain associated with depression |
| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): | An alternative to ECT that involves placing a pulsating magnetic coil over the prefrontal regions of the brain, treats depression with minimal side effects |
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