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Major artists of Impressionism
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Elements of Art
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Praxis 5135
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Major artists of Impressionism | Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Mary Cassatt, Auguste Renoir |
| Elements of Art | Line, shape/form, color, value, texture, space |
| Juxtaposition | the placement of contrasting elements next to each other to create an effect to draw the viewer’s eye, emphasizing the similarities and differences of the contrasted elements |
| Appropriation | the borrowing of preexisting objects or images in artwork with little to no transformation |
| Transformation | The changing of an image or object to present it in a new way, often using their own style and technique to make it their own artwork |
| Constructivism | This movement began as a Russian abstract style of art and architecture that started in the 1910’s. This movement consisted of constructing dynamic 3D forms from objects such as plastic, wood, glass, or iron. |
| De Stijl/Neoplasticism | Dutch for “the style” this art movement started in 1917 promoted the reduction of artwork into geometric shapes, lines, and primary colors. Artists attempted to turn this style into a universal form of expression, departing from the individual expression. |
| Hudson River School | An American art movement in the mid 19th century that included landscape painters intent on painting in a romantic and idealized style of the landscape surrounding them. This was the first native art movement in America. |
| Ashcan School | A group of American realist painters who decided to portray urban life of New York in an unidealized fashion. This group had a collective desire to portray modern life in a new way, depicting poor working class people as worthy artistic subject matters. |
| Ashcan School Art Characteristics | dark palette, sketchy quality, visible brushwork showing scenes of modern life in New York City, with subjects including street kids, alcoholics, subways, crowded tenements, and theaters |
| Street Art | Began with graffiti and consisted of politically charged protest slogans and graphics illegally painted in public areas. Often tied to hip-hop culture and lower income areas. |
| Street Artists | Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring, Banksy, and Shepard Fairey |
| Minimalism | Characterized by an extreme form of abstract art, this movement reduced artwork into its barest form to not represent anything. Often used geometric shapes and traits such as simplicity, harmony, and purity. |
| Guerrilla Girls | This group formed in 1985 to speak out against sexism and racism in the art world against powerful institutions. They gained attention with their protest on the amount of nude women and lack of female artists in fine art museums. |
| Armory Show | This was the first major exhibition of modern art in America. This was so influential to American art because artists in America were able to see modern European art movements for the first time such as cubism, impressionism, and fauvism. |
| Soldering | Can be done on clean ceramic tile or fire brick. Flux is mixed with water and dabbed on the parts where the metal will be joined. In short a way of connecting two thing using melted metal |
| Filigree | a technique of forming metal threads to resemble a lace pattern. It should first be annealed, or heated then cooled, before being worked with. |
| Enameling | Fusing powdered glass to a surface by heating it to 750-850 degrees C. Once fired, the glass powder melts and turns into a smooth shiny coating. |
| Tools and supplies used to make jewelry | Precious metals include gold and silver, other metals include brass and pewter. Soldering iron, pliers, saws, and cutters are used to alter the metals and mandrels shape the metals. Clamps hold the piece, loupe magnifies the piece, and calipers measure it |
| materials used to create fiber art | Fibers such as fabric, yarn, or embroidery thread made from cotton, wool, silk, or synthetic materials.Yarn is made w/ roving (wool run through a mill) Fabric can be utilized through sewing machines or needles by hand, felting methods with roving only |
| Degenerate Art Exhibition | Held in Munich by Adolf Ziegler and the Nazi party in 1937. 740 of 20,000 confiscated artworks deemed too modern or progressive were shown to defame the artists in categories like “an insult to German womanhood” and “nature as seen by sick minds” |
| Medieval Art | Art from the fall of the Roman empire to the Renaissance period that explored subjects like mythology, Christian themes, and biblical stories. This can be separated into Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic art periods. |
| Byzantine Art | Favored symbolism over realism with imperial and religious subject matters |
| Romanesque Art | massive churches built with stone arches similar to Roman architecture and frescoes using encaustic on panels |
| Gothic Art | Elaborate architectural designs with complicated decor, paintings with animated figures and expressions, small paintings in relation to their backgrounds |
| Greek Art | Expressed noble ideas and emotions. Wanted to highlight accomplishments of man and honor their gods through their art with nude athletes, realistic poses, etc. Often shown with stone and wood statues and pottery in red and black figure styles. |
| Roman Art | used art for aesthetic and decoration. Used more to adorn homes and create skillful realistic portrait sculptures, paintings, and mosaics that showed scened of daily life. |
| Baroque Art | Characterized by exaggerated motion and attention to detail with scenes created to enhance drama. Chiaroscuro and tenebrism are often utilized. Often using dramatic lighting and asymmetry to enhance instability, movement, and emotion |
| Performance Art | Accepted as art in the past 30 years, this medium emphasizes the time and space in which art exists, as well as the actions of the artists. This art creates interactions between people who would not have interacted otherwise. |
| Happening | A performance or event created in the context of fine art that includes audience participation as a main component, creating a unique sense of improv and change. |
| Bas-relief/Low-relief | A relief with shallow depth not raised far from the background, where elements are often distorted by being flat (example: a coin) |
| Haut-relief/High-relief | A relief where more than half of the sculptural form is projecting from the background and may even appear completely detached from the background. |
| Relief | A sculpture in which the sculptural elements are attached to a solid background. |
| Monotype techniques | Only produces one print, this artwork is created on a nonabsorbent surface with oil or water based ink and is transferred to paper with a printing press. Most of the ink is transferred to the paper leaving no opportunity for multiple prints |
| Stamping | A type of relief printmaking made from rubber, wax, or other materials. The shape that will produce an image is cut into the material with negative space cut away and can be reused over and over. |
| Mezzotint | A printmaking technique in which the artist works from dark to light on copper or steel, roughening the parts of the plate for shading and smoothening parts for lighter areas. |
| Aquatint | A way to create tonal effects in a print by melting fine particles of acid-resistant powdered rosin onto a metal plate to dip in acid. The acid eats the metal around the particles to create a granular pattern that gives an effect similar to watercolor |
| Linocut and woodcut | Relief printing methods involving cutting away pieces of material to produce the image to be printed |
| Collagraphy | a printmaking technique where materials of various textures are attached to a surface. The materials are roughly the same height when inked and printed |
| frottage | A printmaking technique where artists get impressions of the surface of a material into their prints through methods like laying leaves or foliage onto their surface before or after inking them. |
| Relief printing | Any method in which a raised surface is used to produce an image, often used with linoleum and wood. |
| Screen printing | Ink is pressed through a fine screen to produce the print onto a separate material. |
| brayer | A hand tool used for printmaking to smooth out the ink and then roll it onto the surface for a relief print (looks like a paint roller) |
| burnisher | A smooth metal tool used to smooth the surface of a metal intaglio printing plate. Lines are etched into the plate and the burnisher polishes the surface to reduce the ink. (A flat disk used to press paper onto a surface to create a print) |
| plate | a metal sheet used for intaglio printmaking where lines are cut or etched into the surface to hold the ink. |
| gouge | Used in relief printmaking to cut away parts that will not hold ink. |
| Intaglio | A printmaking technique in which the image is carved into a surface and the ink is held by those lines for printing. |
| Lithography | The artist uses a greasy medium to produce an image on limestone or aluminum, puts a solution of nitric acid and gum arabic onto the surface, and rolls ink onto the surface which will only stick to the greasy areas |
| Electronic Art | An art form that uses electronic media, including digital art, video art, and interactive art. |
| Digital Art | An art form created with a computer that started when artists began to experiment with computers in the 1960’s. |
| Interactive Art | Involves the viewer participating with the artwork, potentially including the viewer walking into or onto the work or even becoming part of the artwork. |
| Earthenware | The earliest clay used fired at less than 1,200 degrees C. Often brown, orange, or red in its raw and fired state and is more porous than other types of clay, also less durable. Terra Cotta is a type of this clay. |
| stoneware | Mid-to high-fire clay that ranges from light gray to brown when fired. nonporous and more opaque than other types of clay. |
| Porcelain | This clay has a rich history in China and is a high-fire clay made with kaolin, making the finished product pure white. This is fired at 1,800 degrees C. And is nonporous and translucent. |
| Sculpture tools | Chisels, pitching tools, rasps, mallets, rifflers for stone and wood Cutters, rolling pins, ribbon or loop tools, wire cutter, and a caliper for pottery Gouges and knives are also used for wood |
| Mannerism | This style of art emerged as a reaction to the high renaissance. This focused more on style and technique rather than the meaning. Artist at this time focused on altering proportions and portraying people in strange ways, departing from linear perspective |
| Australian art | Early aboriginal art including rock paintings and carving thought to be decoration or ceremonial, which was largely impacted by European colonization creating a distinct painting style that focused on idealizing landscapes and plein air painting. |
| Eastern Art | Focuses more on landscapes and spiritual ideas rather than representational realism, also often depicted on a flat plane. Common forms from this type of art include silk painting, woodblock printing, batik, and painting ink on rice paper |
| African Art | This art was often created for religious spiritual purposes to display on an altar, present sacrificial offerings onto, or to contact or connect with spirits of the past. Masks were used in performances and rituals often with this type of art |
| Cindy Sherman | A photographer tho is often associated with feminism. She uses a depersonalization method to critique different social issues and leaves unresolved ideas and emotions in her work. |
| Digital Art Supplies | Computers, tablets, video cameras, scanners, and digital cameras |
| Aperture | The opening in a camera lens measured in f-stops. Moving from one f-stop to the next doubles of halves the size of the opening adjusting the depth of field in a photo. Large=more light more focus on one object small=less light more focus on the whole |
| focal length | determines the magnification of the image and is usually expressed in millimeters. |
| Body | The main part of the camera |
| Viewfinder | Where the photographer looks through the back of the camera to compose the shot |
| Shutter release button | Activates the shutter, amount of time this is left open is determined by shutter speed |
| Lens | On the front of the camera to focus and direct light into the camera |
| Flash | Adds light to the subject and can be connected to the top of the camera or on a socket of the camera called the hot shoe |
| The rule of thirds | Dividing an image into nine equal parts to ensure that the subject of the image is placed at one of the intersections to create tension and a more interesting composition. |
| mechanical hazards | Safety concerns surrounding tools and materials that can cause direct physical harm |
| chemical hazards | Safety concerns mainly dealing with reactive or toxic substances that cause serious short and long term health effects |
| Protective equipment | Gloves, eye protection, aprons or smocks, closed-toe shoes, helmets, hearing protection, respirator or dust mask |
| Henri Matisse | A fauvist artist who applied large flat areas of color to his paintings and worked mainly with bright colors directly from the tube to express emotions |
| Expressionist Artists | Vincent Van Gogh, Edvard Munch, die Brucke (Erich Heckel, Fritz Bleyl, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Otto Muller, Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein), and Wassily Kandinsky |
| Fauvism | This movement from 1905-1908 followed postimporessionism and emphasized strong unusual colors to express mood without being representational of actual colors. It also emphasized the flatness of the canvas and valued expression over representation |
| Expressionism | This movement began in Germany from 1905-1920 and utilized strong colors and distorted forms to express strong emotions in their work. This movement utilized swirls and exaggerated brushstrokes to evoke emotional responses |
| Postimpressionism | A French art movement from 1886-1905 that sought to explore the emotional responses of the artist rather than the naturalism of impressionism. There were more shapes and distortion used ad well as exaggerated colors and heavy outlines at times. |
| Impressionism | This movement began in the late 1800’s and attempted to capture a momentary effect of the current lighting of a scene rather than a faithful depiction of the scene. Artists were able to paint outside during this movement more often. |
| Skyscrapers | Buildings containing 40+ stories made from steel that allowed taller heights. |
| Nam June Paik | The pioneer of video art. The first instance of video art was when this artist used a Sony Portapak video recorder to tape Pope Paul VI’s procession in New York City in 1965. |
| Soldering iron | Used for joining metal parts together |
| Mandrel | Used to size and shape a ring |
| Loupe | A magnifier used to see a jewelry piece in detail |
| Caliper | Used to measure the gauge (thickness) of a material |
| Flux | A chemical used to promote soldering |
| Thomas Cole | The founder of the Hudson River School art movement |
| Albert Bierstadt | A notable artist of the second generation of the Hudson Art School movement in America |
| Henri Matisse and Andre Derain | Leaders of the fauvism movement |
| Vladimir Tatlin | The artist who began the constructivist movement with abstracted still lifes made of scrap materials |
| Piet Mondrian | The most recognizable de stijl artist who utilized solid primary colors and black lines that formed geometric shapes and patterns on a white background |
| Tenebrism | Keeping an area black while a portion of the subject is brightly illuminated |
| Rasp | A flat steel tool with a rough surface used to wear away excess stone |
| Riffler | A smaller rasp for details |
Created by:
ArtTurtle29