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medical terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abdominal cavity | contains organs of digestion |
| endemic | ongoing presence of a disease in apopulation,group area |
| epidemic | suddden and widespread outbreak of disease within a population |
| endocrine glands | ductless hormone glands |
| exocrine gland | chemical glands that have ducts |
| etiology | study of diseases or abnormal conditions |
| epi- | above |
| functional disorder | condition with symptoms but no findable cause |
| genetic disorder | a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene |
| geriatrician | old age physician |
| acetabulum | hip socket |
| allogenic | originating within another |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | a type of arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae |
| arthrodesis | surgical fusion of two joints to stiffen a joint |
| autologous | originating within a person |
| Avascular necrosis | an area of tissue death caused by low blood flow |
| callus | a bulging deposit that forms around a break in the bone: a thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing |
| comminuted fracture | a fracture in which the bone is splinted or crushed |
| crepitation | the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together |
| compression fracture | a fracture in which the bone is pressed against each other |
| dual x-ray absorptiometry | a low-exposure radiologic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density |
| fat embolus | the release of fat cells from the yellow bone marrow into the blood stream |
| gout | inflammation arthritis caused by deposits of urate crystals in the joints |
| hallux valgus | abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe |
| hematopoietic | pertaining to the formation of red blood cells |
| idiopathic | a condition with no known cause |
| kyphosis | an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side |
| internal fixation | facture which pins or plate or in earls case a rod are place directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place |
| lordosis | abnormal increase in forward curviture of the lumbar spine |
| lumbago | pain in the lumbar region of spine |
| malleolus | a rounded bony projection on the fibula and tibia on the side of the ankle joint |
| manubrium | the bony structure that form the upper portion of the sternum |
| metacarpals | five bones that form the palm of hand |
| metatarsals | form the part of foot the toes are attatched to |
| Multiple myeloma | a cancer that occurs in the blood making cell of red bone marrow |
| open fracture | bone is broken and open wound in skin |
| orthopedic surgeon | a physician who specializes in diseases and di!sorders of bones,joints,and muscles |
| orthopedist | a physician who specializes in diseases and di!sorders of bones,joints,and muscles |
| osteochondroma | a benign boney projection covered with cartilage |
| osteomalacia | abnormal bone softening in adults |
| orthotic | a device designed to support, control ,correct ,or compensate for impaired limb function |
| osteoporotic hip fractuRE | A FACTURE OF A HIP WEAKENED BY OSTEOPOROSIS |
| Paget's disease | a chronice bone disease caused by the breakdown of bone tissuee followed by abnormal bone growth |
| pathologic fracture | a weakened bone breaks under normal strain |
| podiatrist | foot doctor |
| percutaneous vertebroplasty | treatment of osteopororis related fractures by injecting bone cement into spinal column |
| prothesis | a substitute for a diseased or missing body part |
| Rheumatiod arthritis | a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and other body organs are attacked |
| rickets | a vitamen d deficiency disease that causes defective bone growth in children |
| scoliosis | an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine |
| spinal bifida | a congenital defect that occurs when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord |
| spiral fracture | a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart |
| spondylolisthesis | the forward slipping motion of the body of one of thee lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it |
| ABDUCTION | THE MOVEMENT OF A LIMB AWAY FROM THE MIDLINET |
| ADDUCTION | THE MOVEMENT OF THE BODY TOWARD THE MIDLINE |
| ADHESION | A FIBROUS TISSUE THAT HOLDS STRUCTURES TOGETHER ABNORMALLY |
| A- | LACKING, AWAY FROM |
| KINESIA | PERTAINING TO MOVEMENT |
| CARPAL TUNNEL SYDROME | SWELLING THAT CREATES PRESSURE ON THE MEDIAL NERVE AS IT PASSES THROUGH THE CARPAL TUNNEL |
| CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME | AN IDIOPATHIC DESEASE SIMILAR TO FIBROMYALGIA IN SYMPTOMS |
| CIRCUMDUCTION | THE CIRCULAR MOVEMENT AT THE FAR END OF A LIMB |
| COMPARTMENT SYNDROME | INVOLVES COMPRESSION OF NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS DUE TO SWELLING IN THE ENCLOSED SPACE CREATED BY THE FASCIA THAT SEPERATES GROUP OF MUSLES IN THE ARM OR LEGS |
| DORSIFLEXION | THE MOVEMENT THAT BENDS THE FOOT UPWARD |
| DYSKINESIA | DISTORTION OR IMPAIRMENT OF VOLUNTAAARY MOVEMENT |
| ERGONOMICS | THE STUDY OF HUMAN FACTORS THAT AFECT THE DESIGN OF TOOLS AND THE WORK ENVIROMENT |
| EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGIST | A SPECIALIST WHO WORKS UNDER A DOCTOR TO DEVELOP ,IMPLEMENT AND COORDINATE EXERCISE PROGAMS AND ADMININESTER MEDICAL TEST TO PROMOTE PHYSICAL FITNESS |
| FIRBROMYALGIA | DEBILITATING CHRONIC CONDITION |
| GANGLION CYST | A BENIGN FLUID FILLED LUMP THAT USUALLY OCCURS ON WRIST OR HAND SOMETIMES AS RESULT OF PAST INJURY |
| HEEL SPUR | A CALCUIM DEPOSIT IN THE PLANTER FASCIA NEAR ITS ATTACHMENT TO THE HEEL |
| PARESIS | IMPARTIAL PARALYSIS |
| HEMI | HALF |
| NEUROMUSCULAR | PERTAINING TO THE RELATIONSHIP OF NERVES AND MUSCLES |
| OBLIQUE | SLANTED OR AT AN ANGLE |
| ORIGIN | WHERE THE MUSCLES BEGIN , NEAREST TO MIDLINE |
| PLEGIA | TOTAL PARALYSIS |
| PARALYSIS | THE LOSS OF SENSATION AND VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS IN A MUSCLE THROUGH DISEASE OR INJURY TO ITS NERVE SUPPLY |
| PARAPLEGIA | PARALYSIS ON THE LOWER HALF OF BODY |
| HEMIPLEGIA | PARALYSIS ON LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE |
| PHYSIATRIST | PHYSICIAN WHO SPECIALIZES IN PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION WITH A FOCUS ON RESTORING FUNCTION |
| PLANTER FASCIITIS | INFLAMATION OF THE PLANTER FASCIA CAUSING FOOT OR HEEL PAIN |
| PRONATION | THE ACT OF TURNINGTHE ARM OR LEG SO THE PALM OR SOLE IS TURN DOWNWARD AND BACKWARDS |
| SHIN SPLINT | PAIN CAUSED BY THE MUSCLE TEARING AWAY FROM THE TIBEA |
| HERNIA | OCCURS WHEN TISSUE OF ONE ORGAN PROTRUDES THROUGH A WEAK AREA OF THE MUSCLE NORMALLY CONTAINING IT |
| IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME | INFLAMMATION OF TENDONS CAUGHT INTHE NARROW SPACE BETWEEN BONES WITHIN THE SHOULDER JOINT |
| INNERVATION | THE STIMULATION OF A MUSCLE BY AN IMPULSE TRANSMITTED TO A NERVE |
| INSERTION | WHERE THE MUSCLE ENDS FARTHEST FROM THE MIDLINE |
| INTERMITTANT CLAUDATION | PAIN IN LEG DUE TO EXCERCISE THAT OCCURS DURING EXERCISE AND RELIEVED BY REST |
| MUSCULAR DISTROPHY | <30 GENETIC DISEASES THAT ARE CHARACTERIZEDBY PROGRESSIVE WEAKNESS AND DEGENERATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLES WITHOUT AFFECTING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| MYASTHENIA GRAVIS | CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE THAT AFFECTS NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION PRODUCES WEAKNESS AND RAPID FATIGUE OF VOLUNTARY MUSCLES |
| MYOFACIAL RELEASE | A SPECIALIZED SOFT TISSUE MANIPULATION TECHNIQUE TO EASE PAIN OF CONDITIONS LIKE FIBROMYALGIA,MYOFASCIAL SYNDROME , MOVEMENT RESTICTIONS, |
| singultus | myoclonus of thediagram that produces hiccups with each spasm |
| sphinter | a ring like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway |
| sprain | wrenched or torn ligaments |
| strain | wrenched or torn tendons |
| torticollis | a stiff neck due to spasmatic contraction of neck muscles that pull head to one side |
| transverse | in a crosswise direction |
| staphylococci | about 30 varieties that form clusters resembling grapes |
| streptococci | bacteria that form a chain |
| systemic reaction | severe allergic reaction ,that developes quickly quickly and without prompt medical treatment the patient could die |
| teletherapy | precise radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body |
| toxiplasmosis | a disease caused by a parasite most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contaminated feces |
| varicella | a highly contagious by herpesvirus Varicella zoster ,chickenpox |
| mammography | x-ray of breast to detect tumors or precancerous cells |
| metastasis | the process in which cancer spreads to new site , the tumor itself |
| metastasize | to spread from on place to another as in cancer |
| myoma | benign tumor made of muscle |
| sarcoma | maligmant tumor |
| Non-Hodkins lymphoma | lymphomas beside hodkin's |
| opportunistic infection | infection that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans |
| parasite | plant or animal that lives in another organism at the expense of the host |
| Rabies | an acute viral infection trasmitted by the bite or saliva of the affective organism |
| rickettsia | a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites |
| rubella | a viral infection with low grade fever ,swollen glands ,inflammed eyes an a fine pink rash |
| spirochetes | long slender, spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and capable of movement |
| hydroureter | distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because of urethral obstruction |
| hypospadias | congenital abnormality of the urethra opening in males the underside of the penis ,in females the underside of the virginia |
| incontinence | inability to control urine ,feces or both |
| interstitial cystitis | inflammation of the bladder |
| intravenous pyelogram | x-rays of kindey,ureters and bladder |
| nephrotic syndrome | group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein lost in urine |
| neurogenic bladder | a urinary problem caused by interference with the nerves pathways associated with urination |
| nocturia | frequent and excessive urination during the night |
| nocturnal enuresis | urinary incontinence at night |
| percutaneous nephrolithotomy | surgical removal of a kidney stone though a small incision in the back |
| peritoneal dialysis | dialysis which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts like the filter to remove waste from the blood |
| prostatism | a disorder resulting from compression of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidneys |
| urinary catheterization | insertion of a small plastic tube into the bladder to withdraw urine for diagnostic, draining of, or inserting chemotherapy |
| renal colic | acute pain in the kidneys due to the blockage of a kidney stone |
| suprapubic catheterization | the placement of a urinary catheter into the bladder through a small incion through the adominal wall though the pelvis bone |
| transurethral prostatectomy | the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with use of a resectoscope |
| uremia | toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urine is in the blood |
| vesicovaginal fistula | an abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina |
| voiding cystourethrography | a diagnoses procedure that a fluoroscope is used to examinate the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra |
| Wilm's tumor | a rare malignent tumor of the kidneys that occurs in children |
| dialysis | a procedure to remove waste from someones whose kidney are no longer functioning |
| diuresis | difficult and painful urination |
| ectopic kidney | congenital condition where on kidney is in the wrong place or even fused with the other |
| edema | swelling by excessive fluid accumulation can be sympytom of kidney disease |
| end stage renal disease | final stage of chronic kidney disease |
| epispadias | congenital abnormality of the urethral opening, in males the upper surface of his penis and in females the urethral opening is in the clitoris region |
| Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy | the destruction of kidney stones using high energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel |
| ablation | treatment for prostate cancer that involves removal or destruction of its function through the use of surgery ,hormones, drugs,heat , chemicals electcautery or other methods |
| hemodialysis | most common type, waste products are directly filtered by blood |
| hydronephrosis | the dilation of one or both kidneys |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia | abnormal enlargement of the prostate often in men over 50 |
| shaken baby syndrome | syndrome that results from a child being violently shaken |
| syncope | brief loss of consciousness due to decreased flow to the brain |
| tremor | a repetitive ,involuntary muscle movement that involves usually the hand arms head or face |
| trigeminal neuralgia | chronic pain condition that is characterized by severe lightening like pain due to inflammation in the fifth cranial nerve these attacks affect checks, lips and gums on the side of the face innervated by the nerve. |
| neurotransmitters | a chemical substance that makes it possible for messages to cross from synapse of a neuron to to the target receptor |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder | a mental state characterized by obsessive and/or compulsions |
| panic attack | an unexpected sudden fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by shortness of breath and palpations |
| parathesia | a burning or prickly sensation with no apparent cause |
| Parkinson's disease | a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity and a slow shuffling gate |
| POST-traumatic stress disorder ptsd | develops after real events where death or injury to self or someone else during which the person felt intense fear ,helplessness or horror- like rape or war or severe abuse |
| Reye's syndrome | potentially serious or deadly illness in children , with vomiting and confusion,after a viral infection treated with aspirin |
| schizophenia | a psychotic disorder caused by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking ,delusions, and hallucinations |
| sciatica | inflammation of the sciatic nerve caused by pressure on the nerve roots that results in pain,burning and tingly on the effective nerve |
| seizure | a sudden surge of electricity in the brain that affects how a person thinks and acts |
| acromegaly | rare hormonal disorder caused by abnormal enlargements of hands and feet by excessive growth hormone after puberty |
| Addison's disease | condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone |
| Aldosteronism | an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone |
| antidiuretic hormone | secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in pituitary gland; helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water excreted though the kidneys |
| Calcitonin | produced by the thyroid gland- hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcuim in blood and tissues by moving to the bones and teeth |
| Corticosteroids | steroid hormones produced by the adrenal glands |
| Cortisol | hydrocortisone anti-inflammatory corticosteroid that helps with metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins |
| Cretinism | a congenital hypothyroidism |
| Cushing's disease | a codition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol |
| Diabetes insipidus | an uncommon disorder caused by insufficient antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond |
| Diabetes mellitus | a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from deficient body production of insulin or by its ability to use it properly |
| diabetic ketoacidosis | life threatening diabetes complication caused by a building up of acids (ketones)in the blood |
| diabetes retinopathy | damage to the retina due to complications of uncontrolled diabetes |
| electrolytes | mineral substances- calcuim,cloride,magnesuim,phosphorous,sodium and potassium that are normally found in the blood and other conditions |
| epinephrine | adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear |
| estrogen | hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important for the development and the maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstual cycle |
| exophthalmos | an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | stimulates the production of estrogen and the growth of the ova inthe ovaries of the female and in males the production of sperm in the testicles(testes) |
| fructosamine test | a blood test that measures average glucose levels over past 3 weeks |
| gestation diabetes mellittus | a form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies |
| gigantism | abnormal growth of the entire body caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty |
| glucagon | hormone secretion by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low glucose levels in the blood stream increasing glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream |
| glucose | basic form of energy for body |
| Graves disease | a disorder in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone |
| growth hormone | somatotopic hormone, regulates the growth of bone,muscles and other body tissue |
| gynecomastia | excessive mammary glands in males |
| Hashimoto's disease | an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland |
| hyperpituitarism | excessive secretion of growth hormones that causes acromegaly and gigantism |
| insulin | hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream |
| insulinoma | benign tumor of the pancreas that secretes additional insulin |
| ketosis | a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking |
| laparoscopic adrenalectomy | a minimally invasive producedure to surgically remov one or both adrenal glands |
| leptin | hormone secreted by fat cells to regulate appetite |
| luteinizing hormone | stimulate ovulation in females and secretion of testerone in males |
| myxedema | a severe form of hypothyroidism caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion |
| Norepinephrine | leased as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system |
| oxytoxin | stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth, after childbirth ,oxytocin controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates the flow of milk |
| pituitary adenoma | a slow growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland,functional pituitary tumors often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| polyphagia | excessive hunger |
| polyuria | excessive urination |
| prediabetes | elevated blood sugar not yet diabeties |
| progesterone | hormoone produced at the second half of thhe menstrual cycle by the corpus lutuem in the overy,its function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy |
| prolactinoma | a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produces to much prolactin or milk producing hormone |
| puberty | process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult capable of reproducing, marked by maturing of genital organs, development of secondary sex characteristics and the first occurrence |
| radioactive iodine treatment | oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells |
| steroids | a large family of hormones derived from cholesterol |
| testosterone | steroid hormone secreted by testicles and adrenal cortex to stimulate the stimulate the development of male secondary characteristics |
| thymectomy | surgical removal of the thyroid gland |
| Thymosin | plays an important role in the immune system by stimulating the role of lymphocytes into tcells |
| thyroxine | one of two primary thyroid hormones that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems |
| triiodothyronine | one of two primary thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems |
| abruptio placentae | disorder where the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus |
| Apgar score | cutting, surgical incision scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborns physical condition 1-5 minutes after birth |
| cervical dysplasia | the presence of the precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of th e cervix |
| chlamydia | a sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatous |
| chorionic villus sampling | examination of the cells retrieved from the chorionic villa between the 11th and14th week of pregnancy |
| -rrhaghy | surgical suturing |
| eclampsia | a serious condition characterized by seizures and coma that can develop during or after pregnancy |
| ectopic pregnancy | a dangerous condition caused by the egg implanting outside of the uterus |
| Endometriosis | a condition in which patches of the patches of endometrial tissue escapes the uterus and becomes attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity |
| colostrum | specialized breast milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies that the newborn can digest produced by mammary glands in the late weeks of pregnancy and during the first days after giving birth |
| Epididymitis | inflammation of epididymis |
| fibroadenoma | a round, rubbery, firm mass that arises from excess growth of the glandular tissue |
| galactorrhea | production of milk in women not pregnant or breast feeding |
| Gonorrhea | highly contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| hydrocele | fluid filled sac in scrotum along the spermatic cord leading away from testicles |
| hypomenorrhea | small short menstrual cycles |
| hysterectomy | surgical removal of the uturus |
| hysterosalpingography | x ray of uterus and the fallopian tubes |
| hysteroscopy | visual examination of uterus and the fallopian tubes |
| lactation | the process of producing milk from breast to the nourishment for the infant |
| Leukorrhea | whitish mucous discharge from the uterus and vagina |
| mastopexy | elective surgery to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position |
| menarche | the beginning of a child's menstruation cycle |
| menometrorrhagia | essive and irregular frequent uterine bleeding |
| neonate | a newborn baby is called for the first 4 weeks of life |
| nullipara | a woman that never had a viable birth |
| obstetrician | specialist in providing medical care to women during pregnancy,child birth and immediatly there after |
| oligomenorrhea | irregular and infrequent menstruation in women |
| orchiopexy | the repair of cryptorchidism ,undescended testicle |
| pelvic inflammatory disease | inflammation of female reprodustive organs not associated with surgery and pregnancy |
| perimenopause | transiting phase between regular periods to none at all |
| peyronie's disease | sexual dysfunction -curved penis during erections |
| placenta previa | abnormal placement of placenta to the lower portion of the uterus |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | a condition characterized by an imbalance of reproductive hormones |
| postpartum | after childbirth |
| preeclampsia | complication oof pregnancy characterized by hypertension ,edema and proteinuria |
| priapism | painful erection lasting four hours or more not accompanied by sexual excitement |
| primigravida | a woman in her first pregnancy |
| primipara | a woman who has produced one viable child |
| pruritus vulvae | itching of the vulva |
| Syphilis | sexual transmitted disease that is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum |
| trichomoniasis | sexual transmitted paeasite Trichomonas vaginalis |
| uterine prolapse | weakening of the pelvic muscles and supportive tissues allows the uterus to slide from its usual position into the pelvic cavity and sag into the vagina and possibly lower |
| vaginismus | involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles that close off the vagina |
| varicocele | a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum |
| vasovasostomy | procedure to attempt to restore fertility in a vasectomized male |
| vulvodynia | painful idiopathic syndrome with chronic burning, dyspareunia, itching or stinging irritation of the vulva |
| vulva | external female sex organs |
| basic diagnosis procedures | vital signs ,auscultation , palpation and percussion, basic examination procedures |
| examination positions | recumbent positions , Sims' position,knee-chest position ,lithotomy position |
| lab test | blood ,urinalysis, stool analysis |
| endoscopy | Endoscopes |
| centesis | diagnostic procedures including removal of body fluid |
| imaging techniques | radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, fluoroscopy, ultrasonography |
| nuclear medicine | nuclear medicine |
| pharmacology | prescription and over the counter drugs generic and name brand drugs terminology related to pharmacology medications of pain management methods of drug adminstration |
| complementary | alternative medicine |
| Alternative therapies | complementary medicine |
| Acetaminophen | analgesic that reduces pain and fever but does not relieve inflammation |
| Acupuncture | tradition chinese medicine that involves needles inserted at certain specific points in body |
| Adherence | compliance- the patients consistency and accuracy in following the regimen ( directions and rules of the physician or other health care professional |
| analgesic | refers to the drugs that relieve pain without affecting consciousness |
| auscultation | listening to sounds within a body usually with a stethoscope |
| bruit | abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscullation of the heart |
| computed tomography | a scan that uses a thin fan shaped x ray beam that rotates around the patient to produce multiple cross sections |
| contraindication | a factor in a patients condition that makes the use of a medication or treatment ill advised |
| echocardiography | ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motions of the heart |
| endoscope | a small flexible tube with alight and lens on the end |
| fluoroscopy | visualization of body parts in motion by projecting xray images on a luminous fluorescent screen |
| hematocrit | a blood test that measures the percentage by volume of a blood sample occupied by red blood cells,this test is to test for abnormal states of hydration |
| -thermia | pertaining to temperature |
| idiosyncratic reaction | an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual |
| interventional radiology | the use of radiographic imaging to guide a procedure or confirm a placement of an inserted object |
| injection | to administrate medicine by injecting directly into prementioned site |
| laparoscope | a fiber optic instrument inserted though the abdominal wall to view the items for small scale surgery |
| magnetic resonance imaging | an imaging technique that uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and then converted into images of any plane through the body |
| palliative | a subtance that eases pain or severity of a disease but does not cure it |
| parenteral | taken int the body other than by the digestion tract |
| percussion | a diagnostic procedure designed to determine the density of a body part by the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers |
| perfusion | flow of blood through an organ |
| lithotomy position | examination position lying on back face up and legs raised and supported by stirrups |
| phlebotomy | the puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood |
| placebo | an inactive substance administered for suggestive effects |
| positron emission tomography | imaging techniques that combines computed tomography radionuclide tracers ,usually inserted into a vein,to produce enhanced images of selected areas |
| radiolucent | substance such as air or gas that does not let xrays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film |
| radiopaque | substance such as air or gas that does not let xrays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film |
| Rales | abnormal crackle like lung sounds heard though a stethoscope during inspiration |
| recumbent | any position i in which the patient is lying down |
| Rhonchi | course,rattling sound somewhat like snoring ,usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways |
| Sim's position | an examination position in which the patiant is lying on the left side with the right knee and thigh drawn up with the left arm placed on side of back |
| single proton emission computed tomography | a type of nuclear imaging test that produces 3D computer reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissues and organs |
| prone position | a position in which the patient lies face down on abdomen |
| speculum | an instrument used to enlarge the opening of a canal or cavity to facilitate inspection of the interior |
| sphygmomanometer | instrument used to measure the force of the blood against the walls of the body |
| stethoscope | an instrument used to listen to the sounds of the body |
| stridor | an abnormal,high pitched brething sound caused by a blockage in the throat or larynx |
| transdermal | administration of medicine through unbroken skin so that it is continuously absorbed to produce a systemic effect |
| transesophageal echocardiography | ultrasonic imaging technique that is performed inside the esophagus to evaluate heart structures |
| ultrasonography | the imaging of deep body structures by recording the echoes of sound waves pulses that are are above the range of human hearing |
| urinalysis | examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements |
| capillary hemangioma | a soft raised pink or red vascular birthmark |
| carbuncle | a custer of connected furuncles |
| cellulitis | a acute rapidly spreading bacterial infection with the connective tissue with the skin |
| cicatrix | a normal scar |
| comedo | a noninfected lesion formed by buildup of sebum (skin oil) and keratin in a hair follicle (acne) |
| debridement | the removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and promote healing |
| diaphoresis | profuse sweating |
| dysplastic nevi | atypical moles that can develop into skin cancer |
| ecchymosis | large,irregular purple discoloration due to bleeding under skin |
| eczema | a form of recurring dermatitis characterized by itching redness and dryness |
| erythrothema | abnormal redness due to capillary dilation |
| exanthem | a widespread rash, usually in children |
| exfoliative dermatitis | a condition of widespread scaling of the skin |
| furuncles | large, tender, swollen areas caused by staphylococci infection around hair or sebaceous glands (boils) |
| Hirsutism | excessive hair in women especially in male patterns |
| Ichthyosis | a group of disorders characterized by dry, thickened and scaly skin |
| impetigo | highly contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that have become crusted and rupture |
| keloid | abnormal or raised scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original injury |
| Koinoychia | malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon |
| macule | a discolored flat spot on the skin less then 1cm in diameter |
| lipoma | benign slow growing fatty tumor between the skin and muscle |
| lipedema | a chronic abnormal condition characterized by accumulation of fat andfluid in the tissues under the skin of hips and legs |
| hypertrophy | increase in bulk of a body part due to the increase of volume of cells with no increase in amount |
| hypogastric region | located below the stomach |
| hypoplasia | underdevelopment of an organ due to cell deficiencies |
| iatrogenic illness | unaresponse to prescribed medicine |
| idiopathic disease | disease with no findable cause |
| inguinal | related to the groin, refers to lower area of abdomen |
| medial | direction toward or nearer to the midline |
| mesentery | a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches partsof the intestines to the interior abdominal wall |
| midsagittal plane | the midline divides the body into equal left and right sides |
| nosocomial infection | |
| pandemic | |
| tympanometry | the use of air pressure to test for disorders in the middle ear |
| vertigo | a sense of whirling ,dizziness and the loss of balance ,then combined with nausea and vomiting |
| vitrectomy | the removal of the vitreous humor in the eye and the replacement of saline solution |
| xerophthalmia | drying of the eye surfaces ,including conjunctivitis |
| photophobia | excessive sensitivity to light and can be result of migrains excessive contact use ,drug use ,or inflammation |
| pneumatic retinopexy | a surgey in which gas bubble is injected into the vitreous cavity to put pressure on the detached area of retinal detachments while it healed |
| ptosis | upper eyelid that is usually due muscles weakness to paralysis |
| radial keratotomy | a surgical procedure to treat myopia |
| scleritis | inflammation of the sclera of the eye |
| sensorineural hearing loss | hearing that develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged |
| stapedectomy | surgical removal of stapes then insertion of prosthetic device that conducts sound vibrations into the ear |
| strabismus | cross or wall eye or not aligned to be able to work together |
| tarsorrhaphy | partial or complete suturing of the upper and lower eye lids to protect the eye when lids are paralyzed or to help corneal lesions heal |
| tinnitus | a condition of ringing ,buzzing and roaring in oneo r both ears |
| tonometry | the measure of interocular pressure |
| Adnexa | the accessory or joining part of an organ |
| amblyopia | dimness of vision or partial loss of vision ,especially in one eye without detectable disease |
| Ametropia | any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina |
| anisocoria | unequal sized pupils |
| astigmatism | a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures on the cornea |
| cataract | the loss of transparency on the lens of the eye that causes progressive loss of visual clarity |
| chalazion | a nodule or cyst on the upper eyelid,caused by obstruction of sebaceous gland |
| cochlear implant | an electronic device that bypasses the damaged portion of the ear and directly stimulates the optic nerve |
| conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjuctiva |
| Dacryoadenitis | an inflammmation of the lacrimal gland caused by infection |
| diplopia | two images out of one, double vision |
| ectropion | the eversion of the edge of the eyelid |
| emmetropia | the normal relationship between the reflective power and shape of the eye that enables light waves to focus on the retina |
| Entropion | the inversion of the eyelid |
| Esotropia | cross eyed one or both |
| exotropia | wall eyed one or both |
| fluorescein angiography | a photographic graphic study of the blood vessels in the back of the eye following intravenous fluorescein dye as a contrast |
| glaucoma | group of diseases that cause increased intraocular pressure |
| Hemianopia | blindness in one half of the vision field |
| hordeolum | pus filled lesion caused by obstruction of sebaceous gland |
| hyperopia | light focus behind the retina, near sighted |
| infectious myringitis | contagious inflammation that causes blisters in the eardrun |
| Iritis | inflammation of the uvea |
| Keratitis | inflammation of the cornea |
| labyrinthectomy | involves the labyrith of the ear |
| laser iridotomy | a procedure to focus light to create a hole in the iris |
| laser trabeculoplasty | treatment of open angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly |
| mastoidectomy | regards part of the mastoid process |
| Mydriasis | dilation of pupil |
| myopia | alight focus in front of retina ,nearsightedness |
| papilledema | inflammation and swelling of the optic nerve at the point of entrance through the optic duct |
| Nyctalopia | difficulty seeing at night if vision is otherwise normal |
| nystagmus | a constant ,involuntary , rhythmatic movement of the eyeball |
| Alzheimer's disease | a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that controls thought ,memory and language |
| optometrist | provides primary eye care, including diagnosing diseases and conditions of the eye and refractions |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles |
| anesthetist | a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia under a physician |
| anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by a false impression of body weight leads to an inability to maintain a healthy body weight -anorexia means loss of appetite |
| anxiety disorders | mental disorder characterized by excessive irrational dread or out of proportion fear |
| autism spectrum disorder | a condition with different levels of sympton severity in which the person has difficulty developing normal social skills and and normal social relationship and communication skills may compressively follow repetive routines and a narrowly focused,inten |
| Bell's palsy | temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of face |
| Carotid ultrasonography | ultrasound study of carotid artery preformed to diagnose or predict ischemic stroke |
| causalgia | persistant ,severe, burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve |
| cerebral contusion | bruising of the brain tissue as the result of a heard injury that causes the brain to bounce against the skull |
| Cerebral palsy | a group of disorders characterized by poor muscle control ,spasticity and other neurological deficiencies |
| cerebrovascular accident | brain damage that occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted |
| claustrophobia | fear of being in small enclosed spaces |
| cervical radiculopathy | nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region |
| cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory |
| coma | a deep state of unconsciousness marked by absence of spontaneous eye movements no response to painful stimuli and no vocalization |
| concussion | a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain |
| cranial hematoma | a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain |
| delirium | acute condition of confusion ,disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation ,and hallucinations |
| delirium tremens | a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol |
| delusion | a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary |
| Dementia | a slow progressive decline in mental abilities including memory, thinking and judgement that is often accompanied by personality changes |
| dura mater | the outer most membrane of the meninges dura hard ,mater mother |
| Dyslexia | learning disability - substandard reading achievement due to brains inability of the brain to process symbols |
| Electroencephalography | the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain though the use of electrodes attached to the scalp |
| Encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| Epidural anasthesia | regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine |
| epilepsy | a chronic neurologic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity |
| physiology | the study of the functions of the structure of the body |
| posterior | situated in the back or on the back part of an organ |
| proximal | situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure |
| retroperitoneal | located behind the peritoneum |
| stem cells | unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for a long periods of time through cell division |
| syndrome | a set of signs and symptoms that occur as a part ofa specific disease process |
| thoracic cavity | chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and lungs |
| transverse plane | a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions |
| umbilicus | belly button, center of the abdominal wall marks the point the umbilical cord was attached to before birth |
| Vector-borne transmission | certain disease spread by blood sucking vectors |
| Ventral | front,belly side of the organ or body |
| Anaplasia | a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other |
| anatomy | the study of the structure of the body |
| anomaly | a deviation form that which is normal |
| aplasia | the congenital absence of or defective development of an organ or tissue |
| autopsy | postmortem (post-death) examination |
| Bloodborne transmission | the spread of disease through blood or body fluids |
| caudal | toward the lower part of the body |
| cephalic | toward the head |
| chromosome | a genetic structure within the nucleus of each cell human |
| communicable disease | any disease that is transmitted from one to another by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects. |
| congenital disorder | an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth |
| cytoplasm | the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus |
| distal | situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure |
| dorsal | the back of the organ or body |
| anterior | in front |
| Stomatitis | inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth |
| trismus | any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma,surgery or radiation associated with the treatment of cancer |
| Ulcerative colitis | chronic unknown cause disease in which repeated episodes of inflammation of the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation |
| Volvulus | twisting of intestines on itself causing obstruction |
| Xerostomia | the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands |
| structures of the body | cells, tissues, glands that from the body systems that work together to enable the body as a whole to work |
| genetics | the genetic components like the heredity component that transfer genetic characteristics from parents to offspring |
| tissues | A group of similar cells working together to perform specific functions |
| glands | A group of the specialized cells capable of preforming secretions |
| body systems and related Organs | organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that preform specific functions ,Organs with related functions are organized into body systems |
| pathology | the study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function |
| jaundice | yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and eyes |
| leukoplakia | abnormal white, usually benign lesion(sore) that develops on the tongue or inside cheek in response to chronic irritation in the mouthlike smoking ,chewing tobacco or constant rubbing against a broken tooth |
| malocclusion | deviation from the normal positioning of upper teeth to lower teeth |
| melena | the passage of black,tarry,and foul smelling stools |
| nasogastric intubation | placement of a nasogastric feeding tube though the nose and int the stomach |
| obesity | an excessive accumulation of fat in the body(bmi not always accurate way of telling) |
| palatoplasty | surgical repair of cleft palate or cleft lip |
| Peptic ulcer disease | a disease characterized by sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestion system |
| peristalsis | a series of wave like contractions of smooth muscles that pull food through the digestive system |
| polyp | a mushroom like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane |
| proctologist | specialist in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus |
| regurgitation | the return of swallowed food into the mouth |
| salmonellosis | infectious disease transmitted by feces, either with direct contact with animalsor by eating raw or undercooked meat including poultry and seafood ,eggs and drinking unpasteurized milk products |
| sigmoidoscopy | the endoscopic examination of the interior of rectum ,sigmoid colon and possibly a portion of the descending colon |
| actinic keratosis | pre-cancerous skin growth that occurs on sun burned skin |
| albinism | a genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or absence of pigment in skin, hair and irises of the eyes |
| alopecia | partial or complete hair loss ,most commonly on the scalp |
| blesharoplasty | surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids to remove sagging skin |
| bulla | a blister that is no bigger than 0.5 cm in diameter |
| sleep apnea | serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stop and starts during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen level |
| spirometer | a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath |
| tachypnea | too fast breathing<20 beats per minute |
| insulinoma | benign tumor of the pancreas that secretes extra insulin causing hypoglycemia |
| tracheotomy | surgical creation of stoma into the trachea below the vocal cords to insert a tube to facilitate breathing |
| tuberculosis | infectious disease Mycobacterium tuberculosis, attacks lungs and other parts of the body |
| Ketosis | normal metabolic process that helps the body use stored fat |
| psoriasis | a common skin condition characterized by red papules covered with scaly skin flares up on elbows, knees , back ,or buttocks. |
| Leptin | hormone created by fat cells involved in regulating metabolism |
| luteinizing hormone | stimulates ovulation in females, secretion of testosterone in males |
| Myxedema | severe form of adult hypothyroidism that caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion |
| Noepinephrine | hormone by the adrenal medulla and acts as a neurohormone by the sympathetic immune system |
| Oxytocin | stimulates contractions in child birth, controls post natel heorrhage and stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary glands. |
| polyphagia | excessive hunger |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| pituitary adenoma | slow growing benign tumorof the pituitary gland, functional pituitary glands end up producing hormones in large unregulated amounts |
| hypercapnia | to much carbo dioxide in blood |
| hypoexemia | too little oxygen in blood |
| Laryngoscopy | visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible cor rigid laryngoscope through the mouth |
| mediastinum | middle section of the chest cavity in between the lungs |
| nebulizer | an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist that is inhaled by face mask or mouthpiece |
| aerophagia | excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking -common cause of gas |
| pertussis | contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory ,has reoccurring bouts of a paroxysmal cough |
| pleural effusion | excess buildup of fluid in the pleural space that prevents lungs from expanding |
| anastomosis | a surgical connection between two hollow or tubural structures |
| antiemetic | medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting |
| Ascites | an abnormal of serious in the peritoneal cavity |
| Bariatrics | the branch of medicine for the prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases |
| Borborygmus | the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine |
| cachexia | physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients |
| canker sores | gray-white pits (aphthous ulcers) with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth |
| Celiac disease | an autoimmune disorder characterized by severe reaction to ingesting gluten |
| cheilitis | inflammation of the lips characterized by fire by crack -like sores at the mouth also known as cheilosis |
| Cholangiography | radiographic imaging of the bile ducts with the use of a meduim contrast |
| chalangitis | acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the lower quadrant |
| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gall bladder |
| Cirrhosis | a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring |
| Crohn's disease | chronic autoimmune disease that occurs in the digestive tract,most often in the ileum and in the colon |
| dental prophylaxis | professional examining ,cleaning and polishing of the gums and teeth to remove tarter |
| diverticulosis | chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula formed |
| diverticula | small bulging pouches that form in the intestines |
| Enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine caused by ingesting substances contained with viral or bacterial pathogens which cause diarrhea |
| enema | the placement of a solutioninto the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through a bowel movement |
| Eructation | the act of belching or raising orally from the stomach |
| Esophageal varices | enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux disease | the upward flow of acid from the stomach to the esophagus |
| Gastroparesis | a condition in which gastric motility slows down causing delayed gastric emptying |
| Hematemesis | the vomiting of coagulated blood |
| Hemoccult test | lab for hidden blood in stools |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver usually caused by a virus |
| hiatal hernia | an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach is protruding upward toward the chest |
| hyperemesis | extreme persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration |
| ilues | partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestines |
| inguinal hernia | protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak spot in the lower abdominal wall or groin |
| pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura |
| pleurodynia | sharp chest pain that occurs when inflamed pleural membranes rub against each other each inhalation |
| pneumoconiosis | fibrosis of lung tissues caused by dust in lungs |
| pneumonia | a serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids |
| pneumothorax | the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lungs to fail or callapse |
| Polysomnography | diagnostic measurement of physiological activity though sleep , often to rule out nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea |
| pulmonologist | a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treatment of diseases and disorders of the respiratory system |
| pulse oximeter | external monitor placed on finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation of the blood |
| pyothorax | pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slow breathing or apnea |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | a group of lung diseases which airflow is obstructe,making it difficult to breath |
| croup | acute respiratory infection found in children and infants characterized by obstruction of larynx, hoarseness and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough or stridor |
| Cyanosis | bluish discoloration due to lack of oxygen |
| Cystic fibrosis | life threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are filled up with a lot of thick mucus |
| Dysphonia | difficulty in speaking includes any impairment in vocal quality including the crackling of a boys voice in puberty |
| Emphysema | the progressive long term loss of lung function usually due to smoking usually means 80% there is alpha-1 emphysema an hereditary version |
| Endotracheal intubation | the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an airway |
| Epistaxis | bleeding from the nose |
| Hemoptysis | expectoration of blood or blood stained sputum |
| Hemothorax | a collection of blood in the pleural cavity |
| asbestosis | form of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos particles in the lung |
| asphyxia | the loss of consciousness that occurs when you don't get enough oxygen to function |
| asthma | a chronic inflammatoy disease of the bronchial tubes |
| atelectasis | incomplete expansion of part or all of the lungs |
| bronchiectasis | permanent thickening of the bronchi walls caused by chronic infection and inflammation |
| bronchorrhea | excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi |
| bronchodilator | an inhaled medicine that relaxes and expands the bronchial tubes |
| Malignant | cancerous |
| malignant melanoma | skin cancer in the pigment cells |
| melasma | pigmentation by brownish spots on face |
| Necrotizing fasciitis | rare severe infection caused by group strep A bacteria |
| Onychocryptosis | ingrown toenail |
| papilloma | benign, superficial wart like growth on the epithelial tissue or deeper in the body |
| papule | small raised red lesion on the skin less than 0.5cm in diameter |
| paronychia | acute or chronic infection of the skin around the nail |
| pediculosis | lice infestation |
| petechiae | pinpoint hemorrhage on skin less than 2mm in diameter |
| pressure ulcer | open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure of skin over a bony prominance |
| pruritus | itching |
| purpura | multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin |
| purulent | producing or containing pus |
| rhytidectomy | surgical removal of excess skin and fat from the face to eliminate wrinkles |
| Rosacea | a chronic skin condition of unknown cause that produces tiny red pimples and enlarged blood vessels on the face |
| Scabies | a skin infection caused by infestation of mites |
| Scleroderma | autoimmune disease that connective tissue becomes thickened and hardened causing skin to be hard and swollen |
| Seborrheic dermatitis | inflammation resulting from overactivity of the sebaceous gland that causes scaling and itching in the upper layersof the skin or scalp |
| squamous cell carcinoma | a malignant tumor of the scaly squamous cells of the epithelium that call quickly spread to the body |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | an autoimmune disorder characterized by red scaly rash on the face and upper trunk that also attacks other cells in the body |
| tinea | a fungal infection on skin,hair or nails |
| urticaria | itchy wheals caused by allergic reactions |
| varrucae | small hard lesions caused by HPV |
| vitiligo | a skin condition resulting from an unknown reason that causes the descruction of melanocytes causing irregular patches of white skin |
| factitious disorder | a person acts like they have a physical or mental illness when he or she is not sick |
| hallucination | sensory perception experienced with no outside stimulation |
| hemorrhagic stroke | damage to the brain that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks |
| Hydrocephalus | excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulate into the ventricles of the brain |
| hyperesthesia | a condition of abnormal sensitivity to touch , pain, or other sensory stimuli |
| ischemic stroke | brain damage that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of an artery |
| lethargy | a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness ,drowsiness and apathy |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord |
| meningocele | congenital herniation of the meninges though a defect in the skull or spinal cord |
| migraine headache | a headache characterized by the throbbing pain one side of the head and sometimes preceded by an aura |
| muliple sclerosis | a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath |
| myelitis | inflammation of spinal cord or/and bone marrow |
| myelography | a fluoroscopic and CT study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day |
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