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CAM - Nutrition
Intro To Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What Are The Six Essential Nutrients? | 1) Water 2) Carbohydrates 3) Protein 4) Lipids (fats) 5) Vitamins 6) Minerals |
| What Nutrients Are Considered Micronutrients? | Vitamins and Minerals. -Needed in small quantities. |
| What Percentage Total Body Water Loss Results In Serious Illness and Death? | 10% serious illness 15% death |
| How Is Water Obtained By The Animal? | -Oxidising of energy-containing substances in food (part of metabolism). -Eating and drinking |
| How Is Energy Measured? | -Cannot be directly measured. -Bomb calorimeter measure energy through heat. |
| What Three Forms Of Carbohydrate Are There? | Monosaccharide - Single chain sugar (glucose) can be directly absorbed. Disaccharide - Two monosaccharide units joined together (sucrose, lactose), broken down by enzymes. Polysaccharide - Many monosaccharide units (starch, glycogen). |
| What Is An Example Of An Indigestible Polysaccharide? | Fibre. |
| What Role Does Fibre Play In the Body? | -Provides bulk to faeces. -Regulates bowl function. |
| What Are Proteins Broken Down Into? | Amino Acids. |
| How Many Amino Acids Are There? | 22. |
| What Is The Additional Essential Amino Acid That Cats Require? | Taurine. |
| What Are The Signs Of Taurine Deficiency In Cats? | Blindness and cardiac abnormalities. |
| What Happens When There Is An Excess Of Protein In The Diet? | -Used for energy or stored. -Compromised hepatic or renal function. |
| What Happens When There Is Inadequate Protein Levels In The Diet? | -Reduced growth. -Weight loss. -Poor coat. -Reduced performance. |
| What Are The Functions Of Lipids In The Diet? | -Provide energy. -Aid reabsorption of fat soluble vitamins. -Enhance palatability. |
| What Happens When There Is An Excess Of Lipids In The Diet? | -Obesity. -Pancreatitis. |
| What Happens When There Is Inadequate Lipid Levels In The Diet? | -Impaired reproductive performance. -Impaired wound healing. -Poor skin and coat quality. |
| What Are Bulk and Energy Limited Diets? | Bulk limited = for weight loss, low energy density, high volume. Energy limited = for weight gain, high energy density, low volume. |
| What Minerals Are Toxic In High Amounts? | Copper, selenium, fluorine and arsenic. |
| What Nutrient Is Considered An Inorganic Element? | Minerals. |
| How Many Vitamins Are Considered Essential? | 15. |
| What Are The Two Different Types Of Vitamin? | -Water soluble (B,C) - poorly stored. -Fat soluble (A,D,E,K) - stored in body. |
| What Nutrients In An Animals Diet Make Up Their Energy Content? | -Protein. -Carbohydrates. -Fats. |
| What Is Gross Energy? | The maximum amount of energy that is released from a food. |
| What Is Digestible Energy? | Energy available after the food has been digested and absorbed by the body. Gross energy - faecal energy. |
| What Is Metabolisable Energy? | Energy available for use by the animal. Digestible energy - urinary energy - gaseous energy. |
| What Are The Two Ways In Which Energy Is Expended In The Body? | Basal metabolic rate = minimum amount of energy needed for basic life processes such as respiration, etc. Thermogenesis = increase in metabolic rate over the basal level. |
| What Factors May Influence An Animals Basal Metabolic Rate? | -Bodyweight. -Body composition. -Age. -Hormonal status. |
| What Is The Resting Energy Requirement? | The amount of energy required over a 24 hour period by a resting animal in a comfortable stress-free environment. |
| What Is The Maintenance Energy Requirement? | The amount of energy required by a moderately active animal in its daily search for and utilisation of food. |
| What Is The Daily Energy Requirement? | Takes into account activity levels, growth, reproductive status and environment of healthy individuals. |
| How Do You Calculate How Much Food An Animal Requires? | -Calculate the animal’s RER, MER and DER (Kcal/day). -Choose a diet and determine its ME content (Kcal/100g). -Amount of food = (DER ÷ ME content) x 100 (Kcal/day). |
| When Is Supplementation And What Are The Dangers Of Supplementation? | -Correction of a specific deficiency due to the animal’s inability to utilise the normal level of a particular nutrient. -Stimulation of food intake during periods of increased production. -Can cause toxicity if done wrong. |
| What Are Some Foods To Avoid Feeding To Cats and Dogs? | -Cooked animal bones. -Chocolate (theobromine). -Onions, garlics, leeks (n-propyl disulphide). -Grapes and raisins (tartaric acid). |
| What Are The Benefits Of Using Life Stage Diets? | -Meet the animal’s nutritional demands at each stage of life. -Minimise the chance of problems later in life. |
| Why Is It Important That Puppies and Kittens Are Fed Specific Diets? | -High risk of developing bone and joint problems if fed incorrect levels of calcium and phosphorus. -Excessive levels of fat are more likely to be lead to obesity in later life. |
| Why Is Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation Not Recommended During Pregnancy? | -May cause soft tissue calcification and physical abnormalities in neonates. -Rather than preventing hypocalcaemia, this can actually induce the condition. -Can suppresses parathyroid hormone production. |
| What Is Eclampsia and What Are The Clinical Signs? | -Also known as hypocalcaemia. -An acute, life-threatening condition that usually occurs 2-4 weeks after whelping. -Results from the loss of calcium into the bitch’s milk. -Seizures, restlessness, panting main symptoms. |
| What Is The Most Nutritionally Demanding Stage Of Pregnancy? | -Lactation. -DER can be up to 4 times MER. -Small frequent meals. -Growth diet. |
| When Does Weaning Need To Take Place For Cats/Dogs? | -When they show interest in dam's food. -3-4 weeks. -Process should be complete by 6-8 weeks. |
| How Are Puppies/Kittens Weaned? | -Gradual. -Use mushy food/soak dried food in water. -For dogs, feed 4-5 meals per day for first 10 weeks. Then 3 times a day until 6 months old. -Feed cats ad libitum. |
| How Long Should Puppies/Kittens Remain On Growth Diets? | -Until fully grown. -Cats: 1 year. -Toy breeds: 9-12 months. -Medium breeds: 15 months. -Giant breeds: 18-24 months. |
| What Are Some Requirements For Geriatric Diets? | -Aim to enhance quality of life and life expectancy. -Energy demands decrease – reduced activity and lower lean body mass. -Higher requirement for vitamins. -Lower calorie, high fibre, low protein content but of higher biological value, reduced salt. |
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