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War of the Roses
OCR Alevel
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nov 1453 arrest | Somerset is arrested and placed in the Tower (protection?) |
| 1421, Customs revenues, According to historian Hicks | £40,677 |
| 1450s noble conflict | Conflict between the Bournville and Courtenay Families |
| July 1450 Murdered key advisors | Suffolk Bishop of Salisbury Treasurer |
| May 1455 Battle of St Albans | Yorkist victory Somerset dead Northumberland dead Clifford dead The King is captured |
| 1447 death | Duke of Gloucester dies (he was arrested for treason but died a few days later) Richard Duke of York is heir presumptive |
| October 1453 birth | Prince Edward, Henry VI's son is born while Henry VI is still unwell |
| 1415 war | Battle of Agincourt - defeat of France by Henry V |
| 1450 debt | £370,000 because of costs of war and Henry's patronage |
| 1455, York and royal expenditure | York had reduced the household expenditure by 78% from 1450 |
| 1445 Marriage | Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou |
| Mar 1452 coup | York arrives with an army at Dartford Support from the Courtney Family failed to arrive and the Royal army is much bigger than his so York submits to the King and swears an oath of loyalty |
| 1449 York saga | York goes out to Ireland |
| Nov 1454 Battle of Stamford Bridge | Percy family is defeated |
| 1443 Dispatch | Henry VI sent a dispatch army under Somerset (john Beauford) insulting York |
| June 1450 Changing roles again | Somerset as Chamberlain |
| What did the Chancery deal with and who lead it | what dealt with legal and domestic matters under leadership of a Chancellor |
| Mar 1454 protectorate | Chancellor dies York named protectorate two days later |
| 1422 Ascention | Henry VI is King aged 9 months Surprisingly stable but there is a power struggle between the boy’s uncles Gloucester- Saw himself as rightful leader but poor (WAR) Beauford- Bastard claim/very, very rich/popular (PEACE (like Henry)) |
| Royal Patronage | The distribution of land/titles/government positions in return for loyalty |
| May 1450 Cade's rebellion saga | Cade’s Rebellion kicks off in Exeter and spreads north |
| 1447, changing roles | William De la Pole made Lord Chamberlain York made Lieutenant of Ireland |
| 1453, Building allies | Percy family attacks the Neville family who turn to York for justice |
| 1421 Birth | Henry VI Born |
| Feb 1455 release | Duke of Somerset released Who then releases the Duke of Exeter (after being arrested by York for his participation in the siege of the City of York) |
| Jan 1450 | D.Suffolk was held in the Tower after being arrested for treason accused of using the crown for power and losing the French lands. Henry VI got him off with a 5-year exile but then he is killed by pirates when fleeing to Calais |
| What did the Exchequer deal with and who lead it | what dealt with financial matters under leadership of a Treasurer |
| 1445 Return | York is returned from France |
| Aug 1453 France saga | Gascony is lost Henry’s illness begins |
| Bastard Feudalism | Practice of rich and powerful nobles securing the loyalty of less powerful nobles through grants of land/money (a form of patronage) |
| 1444 Truce of Tours | Agreed marriage with Margaret of Anjou Truce with France Loss of Maine and Anjou in France (Organised by the Duke of Suffolk) |
| Sep 1450 return | York returns from Ireland (maybe to save his name) To voice his anger at Henry VI's 'evil Councillors' and the fact his war debts hadn't been paid By presenting his bills of complaint However most nobles remained wary of him |
| what kind of things would Prerogative Powers allow the monarch to make decisions on? | What allowed the monarch to make decisions on • Declaring War • Calling and dismissing parliament and • Appointing and dismissing councillors |
| 1446/8 Customs revenues | £28,000 according to historian Hicks |
| May 1454 Noble feuds | Exeter and the Percy family attack Neville lands and hold the City of York for 5 days |
| 1439 Power hierarchy of regents | Gloucester had basically lost all power Govt was held within the faction of the Beauford family and William de la Pole D. Suffolk |
| Define Prerogative Powers | What kind of Powers did the Monarch have that allowed them *to make decisions without consulting anyone.... ie declaring war* |
| June 1450 Battle of Blackheath | Cade's men retreats from the King's much smaller army and half of the King's men followed=ambushed at Sevenoaks King flees and Cade continues to London. (4 days then ejected by Margret) Cade tries to attack at Queensborough but is caught and executed |
| April 1455 Parliament | Margaret and Henry VI called a Parliament in Leicester (middle of Lancastrian lands) It has no obvious reason for being called but appeared to have been a trap for Yorkists as York and the Nevilles were duty-bound to come. triggers troops for st albans |
| June 1455 Another Parliament | Parliament called to legitimise York’s raising of arms against the King |
| Nov 1455 | York’s 2nd protectorate begins (the King is in good health so it seems very shifty, it is so York can take the monopoly of court power) |
| November 1455 Changing roles | Warwick is appointed Captain of Calais |
| Feb 1456 | York’s 2nd protectorate ends |
| April 1456 Kenilworth | Margaret of Anjou takes her son to Kenilworth where they build an anti-York powerbase |
| August 1456 Kenilworth | Henry joins his wife and son in Kenilworth |
| Summer 1456 death | Margaret Beauford left a widow as conflict breaks out in Wales. Edmund Tudor took Carmarthen Castle from York but Devereux took it back. Tudor later died of the Bubonic plague |
| Autumn 1456 Warwick saga | An assassination attempt on Warwick while he is travelling to London |
| Mar 1458 Loveday parade | An event that was designed to make the public feel that all factions had been restored. Yorkists and Lancastrians walked in London together, York and Margaret even held hands. It actually had the unintended effect of presenting the clear factions! |
| Oct 1458 Warwick saga | Warwick refuses to answer charges of piracy (He had resorted to Piracy as Margaret had denied him finances so he couldn't pay to maintain garrisons without the extra money) |
| May 1459 Margaret saga | Queen Margaret sends out letters calling armed forces to Leicester. Those who didn't show were noted |
| Jun 1459 Great Council | Called in Coventry- The Yorkists fail to attend because it is a fairly obvious trap |
| Sep 1459 Battle of Blore Heath | Warwick returns and his father Salisbury defeats Lord Audley who was the leader of the Lancastrian forces |
| Oct 1459 Rout of Ludford Bridge | Yorkist army destroyed by L as the L armies outnumber the Yorkists 3 to 1. worse as the troops that had followed Warwick from Calais switched to the L cause York fled to Ireland Salisbury and Edward (IV) to Calais Clarence and Richard are left behind |
| Nov 1459 Parliament of devils | Named by the Yorkists - It was a Parliament of Lancastrian domination The Yorkist leaders were attainted (stripped of land/titles) Hiers were disinherited (This is the part that was considered evil) |
| Feb 1460 Sandwich saga | Warwick returns to England, taking a large fleet of ships being prepared at this place |
| March 1460 Ireland | Warwick goes to Ireland for 2 weeks to confer with York The Lancastrians may have intended to invade Calais at this point but were unable because of the affair at Sandwich - they lacked the power |
| June 1460 Sandwich saga | Warwick actually takes this place this time. He advances on London via Canterberry under false pretences of saving the King from his advisors He was successful in his fuckery as those who should have opposed him joined him |
| Jul 1460 Battle of Northampton | Yorkists try to negotiate with the Lancastrians but this was rejected. The Lord Grey of Rutkin defected to York and heavy rainfall meant that the Lancastrian forces' guns wouldn't fire Yorkist success |
| Sep 1460 York | York returns to London under the royal banner, even placing his hand on the throne to present intended possession of it. This was not taken well and was received by only silence where York had expected applause |
| October 1460 Act of Accord | Named York as the next King of England Despite the fact that Henry had a son (Prince Edward) |
| Oct 1460 Margaret saga | She was building an Army in the North of those who disagreed with the Act of Accord |
| Feb 1461 Battle of Mortimer Cross | Edward Duke of March was successful in defeating the Earl of Wiltshire |
| February 1461, London saga | Anjou's army tries to enter London but is stopped because of the poor reputation they had earned in the North Edward enters London, where he is welcomed with a warm reception as he was perceived to be the young saviour of London /South |
| Mar 1461 Ascension | Edward publicly pronounced King Edward IV!!!!!!!!! Because - he had taken advantage of Anjou's poor reputation Act of Accord Henry's failures. |
| February 1461, 2nd Battle of St Albans | Lancastrian success |
| April 1461 Anjou saga | Anjou tries to negotiate a campaign on the channel islands with France (Anjou is a close relative to Charles VII) This falls through when Charles VII dies (ascension on Louis XI) |
| Summer 1461, Anjou saga | Anjou secures Scottish support by surrendering Berwick to the Scots despite Edward IV's efforts to try to get them removed Henry VI is living in the Scottish courts |
| Oct 1462, attack | Anjou tries to invade England with France's help She fails and escapes back to France |
| 1461, Subsidiary | Edward IV is granted a subsidiary for use in the war against Anjou and the Lancastrians It will come in useful in 1463 |
| July 1463, war | James III of Scotland led an army with Anjou into England. Most of this force fled when facing Warwick and Montague |
| October 1463 truce | Edward IV secures a truce with France, undermining Anjou's efforts French King Louis XI agreed because he was new and wanted to be friends with Burgundy and to so he needed England's support |
| December 1463 truce | Edward IV secures a truce with Scotland, undermining Anjou's efforts Scotland agreed because Louis XI of France cut off support to Scotland and the previous Lancastrian battle had been a failure |
| December 1463, Battle of Hedgeley Moor | Somerset lead the Lancastrians to attack the Yorkists The Yorkists win despite being outnumbered |
| April 1464, Battle of Hexham | Somerset again leads the Lancastrians into battle and Montague takes him by surprise. Somerset, Hungerford and Ross Dead |
| May 1464, marriage | Having considered foreign marriages with Burgundy, France and Henry of Castile, Edward IV marries the Lancastrian Elizabeth Woodville in secret |
| July 1465, Capture | Henry VI is captured and sent to the Tower of London but remained alive |
| November 1467 Comercial Treaty | Edward VI finalised a treaty with Burgundy (This pissed off Warwick because he was negotiating in France at the time) The treaty is sealed when Edward VI's sister married to Charles of Burgundy the next year |
| 1468 retaining laws | For the first time ever, most forms of retaining were made illegal Edward was criticised by Charles Ross for not enforcing this law Christine Carpenter liked it as it allowed the King to control the process of retaining via a royal licence process |
| April 1469, 2 rebellions | Rebellion of Robin of Redesdale The rebellion of Robin of Holderness Both were in the North, while Warwick was Earl of Northumberland thus implicating him as a troublemaker They were put down by Montague |
| 11th July 1469 | Warwick and Clarence are in Calais where Clarence marries Warwick's daughter, Isabella |
| 22nd July 1469 Battle of Edgecote | Warwick returns from Calais to join his rebellion force against the King and Earl of Pembroke. Warwick wins, Pembroke and Earl of Rivers die Edward IV is captured and Warwick tries to rule in his place ed released to deal with L rebellion up North |
| October 1469 Return of the King | Edward VI returns to London and an uneasy peace follows |
| March 1470, Battle of Losecoat | Following Eddy's release, Warwick conts stirring up conflict eg in Lincolnshire resulting in this battle. Warwick & Clarence fled to France. A Percy is made Earl of Northumberland as part of being consolatory but this offends the Montague family. |
| July 1470 Louis XI is a spider | Louis XI brings Anjou and Warwick together (Anjou keeps Warwick on his knees for 15 mins in apology) Warwick's daughter is betrothed to Prince Edward They agreed to be allied with France against Burgundy (will upset the English parliament) |
| September 1470 return of the rebels | Warwick and Anjou return to support Henry's kingship Lord Montague defects to Warwick's side |
| October 1470, Readaption | Henry VI is readapted to the throne. Edward VI and Gloucester flee to Burgundy Lord Kildare of Ireland states he will not support Henry |
| March 1471 The return of the King #2 | Edward VI returns to England with ships/soldiers from Burgundy, barred entry but not attacked by the Percys He lands when he claims to want to reclaim his dukedom. He goes to London, snowballs an army of 12,000 and Clarence, restored to the throne. |
| April 1471, Battle of Barnet | Edward wins and Warwick fled and dies- Clever tactics from Edward Heavy fog made Warwick's side attack themselves. |
| May 1471, Battle of Tewkesbury | Anjou, Henry VI and Prince Edward were present. Anjou captured Prince Edward killed Henry VI was sent to the Tower and then "accidentally" killed There was also a rebellion in Kent around this time but unimportant |
| September 1472, Treaty of Chateaugiron | Signed with Brittany. Agreed to attack France together (Would fail when it came down to war |
| 1473, weird middle battle | The Earl of Oxford rebels by taking St Micheal's Mount. He will submit to Edward IV a year later |
| July 1474, The Treaty of London | An agreement signed with Burgundy to attack France. Pretty similar to the treaty of Chateaugiron (Will also fall through) |
| August 1475, The Treaty of Picquiny | Edward IV shows up with an army in France in JULY but both the Treaty of London and Chateaugiron failed Agreement- (England hated it) 10yr truce Annual pension of 50,000 crowns £75,000 All tolls on merchants in the last 12 years were nulled. |
| 1476, 2nd French Treaty | Anjou is returned to France for 10,000 crowns (She had been living in a nunnery beforehand) |
| 1477, death | Charles of Burgundy dies His Daughter Mary is married to Maximilian of the Empire and Austria. Burgundy is now part of the Holy Roman Empire |
| February 1478, Execution | Clarence is executed for treason. |
| 1479 A new council | The Council of Wales is set up in Ludlow. Its leaders are Edward IV's son Edward and the Earl of Rivers (A Woodville) |
| 1480 Agreement | England agrees to help Burgundy against France But if France stopped paying the pension, then Burgundy must pay it. |
| 1482, War with Scotland | Richard, D'Gloucester's revenge raid on Scotland following Louis XI's meddling. tried to put English sympathiser D'Albany on throne. initially successful as Edinburgh/James III were captured. Albany defected/ Ed ill, Rich retreated to Berwick on Tweed |
| April 1483 death | Edward IV dies solvent. (He had taken the throne with £350,000 in debt) |
| May 1483 custody | Prince Edward is held in the Tower of London until his coronation on the 25th of June for his own protection. Richard D. Gloucester has already met up with and arrested the Earl of Rivers (Eddy's caretaker) and is the Realm's protector. |
| June 1483 events | Elizabeth Woodville goes into sanctity with her kids in Westminster She is forced to give up her son Richard to protect her girls. D. Gloucester has the E'Rivers, Vaughan, Grey and his friend Lord Hastings executed. The coronation delayed 4 months |
| July 1483 coronation | Richard D. Gloucester is coronated (Rich III) The Prices in the Tower also disappear by early autumn after a failed attempt to save them. |
| October 1483, Buckingham Rebellion | Stanley and Buckingham (Executed later) rebelled in support of Henry Tudor even after Buckingham had been rewarded with a significant amount of land Henry (VII) spotted on the SW coast crushed= +100 Attainders/northern lords in south (unpopular) |
| During Richard III's reign, what changes did he make? | Created an early form of legal aid for the poor. Designed a council of the North modelled afterWales(1479). debts from crown lands to make money(no tax) Introduced new men of ability into govt such as Edmund Chadderton and Bishop Russell. |
| March 1485, death | Richard's wife, Anne dies. This creates suspicion as it is theorised she was murdered. |
| Aug 1485 | Battle of Bosworth- Henry's forces step in last minuite Henry VII King Truce with France- they had bolstered his war fund |
| Sept 1486 Commerical treaty | With Burgundy despite it being ruled by Margret who was Edward and Richard's sister so Henry's enemy. |
| Sept 1486, Birth | of Prince Arthur |
| Sept 1486, Acts of Resumption | all land returned since 1445, in an attempt to quell the 100 years wars |
| Sept 1486 truce | 3yr truce with Scotland |
| 1489, Yorkshire Rebellion | Henry raised taxes to help Brittany v. France. North upset as it felt a world away. The Earl of Northumberland is mobbed and killed. The rebellion was crushed fairly easily and Lord Surrey was made Earl as he had no vested interest in the area. |
| 1490, One failed treaty and one successful one | Failed treaty with Norway Commercial treaty with Florence to undermine Venice's taxes |
| 1491, Domestic stuff | Birth of Henry VIII |
| Oct 1496 | Holy League invites England because Henry VII was so on the fence it was a risk that he could side with France. This was to secure our peace |
| May 1497, Cornish Rebellion | The South was reluctant to pay for a Scottish was as this felt like a world away. It was quite a big force that almost reached London however it lacked noble support and was easily crushed in Blackheath |
| 1504, Domestic | Proclamations- These applied Edward's Retaining laws (1468) To retain, you needed a license and a heavy fine was applied to those who failed to have one. |
| Hicks, on Henry VI | “Income from customs revenues had ‘plummeted from £40,677 in 1421 to £28,100 in 1446-8’” |
| The traditional view of the Duke of Suffolk | That he personified the ‘evil counsel’ Taking advantage of the King Wasted money on patronage Disastrous peace policy with France Affair with the Queen!? |
| John Watts' view of the Duke of Suffolk | The King was crap and Suffolk was doing his best He had to keep the government running smoothly and hide its weaknesses Try to act in the country’s best interest |
| Christine Carpenter on when the rivalry began between York and Somerset | The only evidence for any rivalry comes from after 1450. Through letters The animosity began in 1450, when Somerset had already taken his place with the King. Which York felt owed |
| Why was Christine Carpenter more optimistic than Charles Ross over how Edward dealt with retaining? | The retaining law passed in 1468 gave Edward the license to control retaining if he needed to, however, the second half of his riegn was fairly uneventful so there was no need to make new enemies by targetting all retaining. powerful precedent though. |
| 1484, truce | The war in Scotland is ended with a truce. It had been an expensive and fairly pointless war. |
| Why was Charles Ross critical of Edward IV's retainers law (1468)? | Edward made little effort to apply this law and actually stop retaining which is one of the reasons why the usurpation of Edward (V) and Richard III could occur. |
| According to Christine Carpenter, what advantages did Henry VII begin his reign with | He replaced a dead unpopular king with no heirs and had done so without the aid of one powerful noble family (so he owed no one) |
| Dec 1460 Battle of Wakefield | York is taken unawares while hunting by the Lancastrian army York is killed and his head is displayed in York wearing a paper crown The next Duke of York is his son the (Previous) Edward Earl of March |
| 1455, recovery | Henry VI wakes up from his episode (firstly in december by acknowledging his son) By January he is able to retake the throne so Richard is no longer protector, however he is never really fit enough to rule alone again |
| Jan 1487 restoration and renewal | Chamber system of finance restored Renewal of treaty with Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire |
| 16th of July 1460 London | The Yorkists re-enter this city Warwick runs the country, replacing Henry and Henry's men with Yorkist advisors |
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