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chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which portion of a client’s exercise program should be designed first? | The flexibility portion |
| Flexibility | The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint. |
| Extensibility | Capability to be elongated or stretched. |
| Range of motion (ROM) | The degree to which specific joints or body segments can move; often measured in degrees. |
| Mobility | Optimal flexibility and joint range of motion; ability to move freely. |
| Myofascial | The body’s connective tissue that includes muscles and fascia. |
| Relative flexibility | The process in which the body seeks the path of least resistance during functional movements. |
| Human movement system (HMS) | The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems. |
| Soft tissue | Tissue connecting, supporting, and surrounding bodily structures and organs. |
| Postural distortion patterns | Predictable patterns of muscle imbalances. |
| Muscle imbalance | When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships. |
| Force-couple relationships | The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint. |
| Osteokinematic | Movement of a limb that is visible. |
| Arthrokinematics | The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin. |
| Reciprocal inhibition | When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen. |
| Altered reciprocal inhibition | Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist. |
| Overactive | When elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction. |
| Underactive | When a muscle is experiencing neural inhibition and limited neuromuscular recruitment. |
| Synergistic dominance | The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover (agonist). |
| Altered length-tension relationship | When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce. |
| Neuromuscular efficiency | The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all three planes of motion. |
| Muscle spindle | Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change. |
| Central nervous system | A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. |
| Stretch reflex | Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening. |
| Golgi tendon organ (GTO) | A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change. |
| Autogenic inhibition | The process by which neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles. |
| Lengthening reaction | When a muscle is lengthened, a cascade of neurological reactions occur that allows the muscle to be stretched. |
| Static stretching | A type of stretch where the muscle is passively lengthened to the point of tension and held for a sustained amount of time. |
| What term refers to the neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover (agonist)? | Synergistic dominance |
| Pattern overload | Consistently repeating the same pattern of motion over long periods of time that can lead to dysfunction or injury. |
| Cumulative injury cycle | A cycle whereby tissue trauma will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances. |
| Nociceptors | Pain receptors located in the skin and fascial connective tissues. |
| Davis’s law | States that soft tissue models along the line of stress. |
| Collagen matrix | A complex meshwork of connective tissue, including collagen proteins. |
| Which of the following states that soft tissue models along the line of stress? | Davis’s law |
| With regard to the cumulative injury cycle, current theory supports the idea that repetitive movements, such as long periods of poor posture, are believed to lead to which of the following? | Tissue trauma and inflammation |
| Self-myofascial techniques | Techniques used for treating and breaking up adhesions of the fascia and the surrounding muscle tissues; examples include foam rolling or self-massage. |
| Fascial system ` | A web of connecting fibers made of connective tissues that are found just under the skin. |
| Mechanical effect | Having a physical effect. |
| Neurophysiological effect | Having an effect on the nervous system. |
| Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) | Pain or discomfort often felt 24 to 72 hours after intense exercise or unaccustomed physical activity. |
| Medical precautions | Any medical conditions that could be potentially unsafe for a client. |
| Contraindication | A specific situation where a medication, procedure, or exercise should be avoided because it may prove to be harmful to the individual. |
| TRUE OR FALSE? The mechanical effect of direct roller compression is the relaxation of the local myofascia by increasing local blood flow and reducing myofascial restriction and adhesions. | True |
| What is the term used to describe the pain or discomfort that is often felt 24 to 72 hours after intense exercise or unaccustomed physical activity? | Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) |
| Stretch tolerance | The ability to experience the physical sensations of stretching to reduce the discomfort felt at the end range of motion. |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Static stretching, when performed for 30 seconds or less prior to every workout and followed by dynamic activities, impairs athletic performance. | False |
| Active stretching | A type of stretching that uses agonists and synergists to dynamically move the joint into a range of motion; includes holding the stretched position for 1–2 seconds and repeating for 5–10 repetitions. |
| What is the term used to describe a type of stretching that uses agonists and synergists to dynamically move the joint into a range of motion? | Active stretching |
| What is the mechanism of action for active stretching? | Reciprocal inhibition |
| Dynamic stretching | A type of stretching that uses the force production of a muscle and the body’s momentum to take a joint through the full available range of motion. |
| Controversial stretches | Stretches that have the potential for injury risk.q |
| What should precede dynamic stretching if an individual possesses muscle imbalances? | Self-myofascial techniques and static stretching |
| What is the goal of dynamic stretching? | To prepare the body for more intense activity |
| What are the two primary actions of the muscle spindle? | Sense the change in muscle length and the speed of length change |
| When performing a dumbbell biceps curl, the biceps brachii is considered the agonist (prime mover), and the triceps become the inhibited antagonist. What is this phenomenon called? | Reciprocal inhibition |
| Which lower-body stretch is considered controversial and may be a risk for injury? | Inverted hurdler's stretch for hamstrings |
| Active and dynamic stretching utilize which physiological action? | Reciprocal inhibition |
| Which statement best describes the local mechanical effect that occurs from myofascial rolling? | Compression to the local myofascia “relaxes” the tissues by increasing local blood flow and reducing myofascial restrictions and adhesions. |
| Flexibility training can reduce the risk of what three conditions? | Muscle imbalances, joint dysfunctions, and overuse injuries |
| If your client is working in Phase 1 of the OPT model, what type of flexibility training should they utilize? | SMR/static stretching |
| What key term would best describe an overactive hip flexor complex decreasing neural drive to the hip extensor complex? | Altered reciprocal inhibition |
| Your client Ethan presents with an overactive/shortened quadriceps group, which is causing the hamstrings to be underactive/lengthened. What is this phenomenon called? | Altered reciprocal inhibition |
| Which physiological systems comprise the human movement system (HMS)? | The muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems |
Created by:
aliya pacheco