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MCAT Hormones
Structure/Secreted by/Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Testosterone | -Steroid -Testes (interstitial Cells) -Key Role in development of male reproductive tissue/secondary sex characteristics |
| Progesterone | -Steroid -Secreted by the Corpus Luteum during luteal phase of menstrual cycle -Maintains endometrium (Uterine lining) |
| Estrogen | -Steroid -Ovaries -Develops endometrium (uterine lining) |
| Aldosterone | -Steroid - Adrenal Cortex -Increases salt reabsorption in Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct -Water follows sodium -Decreases reabsorption of potassium and H+ |
| Cortisol | -Steroid -Adrenal Cortex -Regulates Stress response and raises blood glucose by inhibiting glucose uptake in tissues |
| FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) | -Peptide -Anterior Pituitary -Triggered by GnRH -Stimulates sperm maturation in Sustentacular cells in testes (male) -Stimulates development of ovarian follicles (female) |
| LH (Luteinizing Hormone) | -Peptide -Anterior Pituitary -Triggered by GnRH -Stimulates interstitial cells in testes to produce testosterone (Male) -Spike triggers ovulation and development of Corpus Luteum (Female) |
| ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) | -Peptide -Anterior Pituitary -Signals release of Cortisol from adrenal cortex -Triggered by CRH in hypothalamus (HPA Axis) |
| TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) | -Peptide -Anterior Pituitary - Acts on Thyroid to release thyroid hormones T3/T4 -Triggered by TRH in hypothalamus (HPT Axis) |
| Prolactin | -Peptide -Anterior Pituitary -Promotes milk production in mammary glands |
| GH (Growth Hormone) | -Peptide -Anterior Pituitary -Promotes growth of bone/muscle, prevents glucose uptake in tissues not growing and increases FA breakdown |
| Oxytocin | -Peptide -Posterior Pituitary -Stimulates uterine contractions/milk letdown |
| ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin) | -Peptide -Posterior Pituitary -Secreted in response to high blood osmolarity -Increases reabsorption of water in collecting duct of kidneys |
| Insulin | -Peptide -Pancreas Beta Cells -Lowers blood sugar by inducing glucose uptake in tissues -Increases Fruc2,6-BP to increase glycolysis Antagonistic to Glucagon |
| Glucagon | -Peptide -Pancreas Alpha Cells -Raises blood sugar in times of fasting -Decreases fruc2,6-BP to inhibit glycolysis and promote gluconeogenesis -Antagonistic to insulin |
| Somatostatin | -Peptide -Hypothalamus/Pancreas Delta Cells -Stops hormone secretion (GH and TSH/Insulin and Glucagon) |
| PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) | -Peptide -Parathyroid glands -Raises blood calcium by decreasing Ca+ excretion in kidneys, increases absorption in gut, and stimulates release of Ca+ from bone stores Antagonistic to Calcitonin |
| Calcitonin | -Peptide -Parafollicular Cells (Thyroid) -Decreases blood calcium by increasing excretion in kidneys, decreasing gut absorption, and adding to bone stores Antagonistic to PTH |
| ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) | -Peptide -Cardiac Atria -Secreted in response to atrial stretching -Promotes excretion of sodium to reduce blood volume (increase urine volume) and vasodilates Inhibits release of aldosterone and renin |
| Erythropoietin | -Peptide -Kidneys -Stimulates RBC production in bone marrow as a response to low oxygen |
| Ghrelin | -Peptide -Gastrointestinal Tract Cells -Induces hunger when stomach is empty Inhibited by leptin |
| Leptin | -Peptide -Adipose (fat) Tissue/Small intestine epithelial cells -Appetite suppressant Inhibited by ghrelin |
| CCK (Cholecystokinin) | -Peptide -Duodenum epithelial cells -Stimulates release of bile into intestine |
| T3 and T4 | -Amino Acid -Thyroid glands -Regulate metabolism by increasing basal metabolic rate T3 Triiodothyronine is active and has 3 iodine atoms to Thyroxine's 4 |
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | -Amino Acid -Adrenal Medulla -Responsible for sympathetic responses and promotes blood sugar spikes |
| Melatonin | -Amino Acid -Adrenal Medulla -Regulates Circadian rhythm alongside cortisol and body temperature (peaks at night) |
| HPA Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis) | - Interaction between Hypothalamus (CRH), Anterior Pituitary(ACTH), and Adrenal Cortex (CORT) -Regulates stress response -Cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH via negative feedback |
| HPT Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis | -Interaction between Hypothalamus (TRH), Anterior Pituitary(TSH), and Thyroid gland (T3/T4) -Maintains metabolic homeostasis -T3/T4 inhibit TRH and TSH via negative feedback |
| Anterior Pituitary Hormones | FLAT PiG FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH - Trophic Prolactin, Growth - Direct |
| Posterior Pituitary Hormones and structure | ADH, Oxytocin - Direct Mostly Neural tissue - Somas that make hormone located in hypothalamus |
| Portal Veins | Connect two capillary beds ex. Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary |
| Gastrin | Peptide G Cells in the Stomach released in presence of food Increase activity of gastric/salivary glands and GI tract motility |
Created by:
mnmoon
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