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Histo III
Greenlee repro exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What structures are "pre-uterus" | ovary, uterine tubes |
| What structures are "post-uterus" | cervix, vagina, vestibule, vulva |
| What body cavity is the ovary found in? | abdomen |
| T/F The ovary has both endocrine and exocrine functions? | True |
| Name the layers of the ovary from outside in (4) | tunica serosa, tunica albuginea ovarii, cortex, medulla |
| Which ovarian layer is the outside, slippery layer composed of simple squamous cells? | tunica serosa |
| What ovarian layer is considered the connective tissue capsule? | tunica albuginea ovarii |
| What is the "business" part of the ovary where endocrine actions are performed? | cortex |
| what are the two primary structures of the ovary that have endocrine roles? | follicle and CL |
| what is the "plumbing" of the ovary? what does this mean? | medulla - contains vessels, lymphatics, nerves |
| List the morpohologic stages of a follicle from smallest to largest (4) | primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary/antral |
| what is the VERY FIRST stage of an oocyte which occurs prenatally producing the center cell of the internal epithelial cell mass? | oogonium |
| what type of cell undergoes the prophase of first meiotic division in a female? (4n) | primary oocyte |
| What female cell is 2n? | secondary oocyte |
| what is the term for the female cell that has undergone 2 meitotic divisions and is now 1n. | ovum |
| Has an ovum already undergone fertilization? (Yes/No) | Yes |
| What type of follicle is surrounded by simple squamous cells known as follicular mesodermal cells and has a primary oocyte? | primary follicle |
| What type of follicle contains a primary oocyte and is surrounded by cuboidal-columnar cells? | primary follicle |
| What cells produce the membrana granulosa in a secondary follicle? | follicular cells |
| What seperates the membrana granulosa and oocyte in a secondary follicle? (appears as a pink line) | zona pelucida |
| What cells surround the membrana granulosa in a secondary follicle? | thecal cells (stroma) |
| What type of follicle contains only a granulsoa cells, theca cells and a zona pelucida | secondary follicle |
| What type of follicle contains a follicluar antrum, cumulus oophorus and corona radiata? | tertiary/antral follicle |
| what part of a follicle is filled with liquor secreted by granulosa cells? | follicular antrum |
| What cells secrete the liquor that makes up the antrum of a follicle? | granulosa cells |
| What cells make up the cumulus oophorus of a tertiary follicle? | granulosa cells |
| What cells make up the corona radiata of a tertiary follicle? | cumulus oophorus cells |
| where is the corona radiata located? | in between the oocyte and antrum of a tertiary follicle |
| what is the function of the theca interna of the teritary follicle? | vascular |
| what is the function of the theca externa of the teritary follicle? | supportive - loose c.t. |
| What is significant about the way a mature follicle "feels" compared to unmature follicles? | protrudes from ovarian surface (can be felt on palpation) |
| The thinning of the follicular wall at future site of rupture of a mature follicle is known as what? | stigma |
| the rupture of a follicle and release of oocyte is what process? | ovulation |
| The oocyte remains surrounded by the corona radiata after ovulation until what happens (except in bovine)? | until sperm are present |
| The transformation of granulosa and thecal cells into luteal cells describes what process? How long does this take? | luteinization, a few days |
| what type of cells make up the stratum granulosum of a CH? | large luteal cells (were granulosa cells) |
| what cells make up the small luteal cell population>? | theca interna |
| a ruptured follicle leaves behind a ______ | CH = corpus hemmorhagicum |
| what must happen for before a CL can be fromed? | follicle rupture (ovulation) |
| What does the CL become if fertilization does not occur? | CA - corpus albicans |
| what happens to the CL if fertilization occurs? | remains for a species specific period (begins secreting progesterone) |
| What are the three sections of the uterine tubes from closest to ovary to uterus? | infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus |
| what type of epithelium is in the uterine tube? | simple columnar epithelium |
| What are the two TYPES of cells in the uterine horn? | cilliated, secretory |
| list the parts of the uterine horn | simple columnar epithelium, propria-submucosa, tunica-muscularis |
| what is the 1st part of the female tract? | infundibulum |
| what structure has the role of securing the oocyte? (F) | infundibulum |
| what structure has finger-like projections with cilia? (F) | infundibulum |
| What direction do the cilia of the infundibulum of the uterine tubes beat? | towards the uterus |
| What is the site of fertilization? | caudal ampulla of female uterine horn |
| what does the ampulla of the uterine tube look like? | highly folded mucosa |
| What part of the uterine tube is responsible for muscular contractions? | isthmus |
| What part of the uterine tube has the capability to change the direction of it's components dependent upon the stage of estrous cycle? | isthmus |
| what are the two directions/components of the isthmus movement | 1 - sperm to ampulla 2 - zygote to uterus |
| What are the layers of the uterus? | endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
| What are the 2 primary functions of the uterus? | sperm transport, fetal development |
| What are the 5-6 components of the endometrium? | 1-columnar epithelium 2 - propria - submucosa 3 - functional zone 4 - basal zone 5 - uterine glands 5 - caruncles (rum.) endometrial cups (mare) |
| what is the make up of the myometrium of the uterus? | thick inner ciruclar, stratum vasculare, thin outer longitudinal smooth m. |
| what are the layers of the cervix? | tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serosa |
| What are the prominant features of the tunica mucosa of the cervix? | simple columnar epithelium, goblet cells |
| what is the fiber orientation of the tunica muscularis in the cervix? | inner circular, outer longitudinal s.m. |
| What are the layers of the vagina? | tunica mucsoa, tunica muscularis, serosa/adventitia? |
| where is the name change of the vaginal serosa? | cranial = serosa, caudal = adventitia exiting the abdominal cavity |
| What is the epithelium of the vaginal tunica mucosa | stratified squamous (usually non-glandular) |
| What is histolgically different about the vestibule when compared to the vagina? | lymphatic nodules and mucosa glands present in the vsetibule |
| what is the homologue of the penis? | clitoris |
| What part of the female repro. tract is highly vascular, becoming congested during estrus? | vulva (swollen lips is a common sign of heat in domestic animals) |
| what type of skin covers the vulva? | non-glaborous skin (apocrine and sebaceous glands present) |
| What initiates the follicular phase? | decrease in progesterone - increase in GnRH release, follicular development, greater FSH and LH release |
| What stimulates follicular development? | increase in estrogen concentration, secretion of inhibin (decreases of FSH secretion) |
| what is the term for animals whose cycle is affected by day length? what are some examples? | seasonally polyestrus - horses, sheep |
| Differentiate estrus and estrOus | An animal is in ESTRUS An animal has an ESTROUS cycle |
| Where are the receptors for FSH on the ovary? | granulosa cells |
| Where are the receptors for LH on the ovary? | theca interna cells |
| What structure does GnRH act on? | anterior pituitary - secreted from hypothalamus |
| What of the ovary secretes estrogen? | granulosa cells |
| What affects does estrogen have on the female? | - growth and development of repro tract - estrous behavior - systemic effects |
| What secretes progesterone from the ovary? | large luteal cells of CL |
| what are the functions of progesterone from the ovary? | - uterine gland development and secretion - receptiveness of endometrium to implantation |
| What is the term for the time just before estrus when the follicle is dominant? | proestrus |
| what are the two stages of the luteal phase? | metestrus, diestrus |
| what significant structure is present in the luteal phase? | corpus luteum, much longer phase of estrous cycle |
| what stage of the cycle is defined by a developing CL? | metestrus |
| What stage of the cycle is characterized by a CL in its prime? | diestrus |
| what is the "master controller" of the estrous cycle, ensuring the animal does not return to proestrus? | progesterone |
| what hormone effect is the hallmark sing of proestrus? | progesterone fallin |
| Describe the effects of progesterone, FSH, estrogen, and LH in proestrus | progesterone falls, FSH increase, estrogen increase, LH consistently low |
| what is the effect of estrogen increasing during proestrus | endometrial proliferation |
| What are the effects of increase of FSH during proestrus? | induces follicular maturation |
| what hormone dominantes estrus? | estrogen |
| What behavioral change is characterized during estrus | sexual responsiveness |
| What are the levels of estrogen, FSH, LH, Progesterone during estrus? | Max. estrogen and FSH then decline LH surge prior to ovulation progesterone low |
| what is the hormonal profile of metestrus? | increasing progesterone, increasing estrogen, FSH and LG contently low |
| Why is FSH and LH low during metestrus? | inhibited by high levels of progesterone |
| during metestrus, what causes increase in estrogen? | development of follicular cohorts |
| in metestrus what is responsible for the increase of progesterone? | CL development |
| what is the hormonal profile of an animal in diestrus? | peak progesterone, low estrogen, FSH, LH |
| In diestrus what is responsible for the peak progesterone levels | active corpus luteum |
| What triggers the regression of the CL in a non-gravid animal? | PGF 2- alpha |
| what stage of the female estrous cycle is characterized by prolonged sexual inactivity? | anestrus |
| what is the hormonal profile of anestrus? | low progesterone |
| What is the length of the bovine cycle? | 21 days (proestrus 3, estrus 1, metestrus 3, diestrus 14) |
| what stage of the beef cycle is characterized by restoration of the endometrium, thickening and congestion of the mucsoa and glandular proliferation? | proestrus |
| metorrhagia occurs at what part of the estrous cycle in the endometrium? | estrus |
| what stage of the bofvine estrous cycle has maximal edema and hyperemia? | estrus |
| what stage of the bovine estrus cycle has metorrhagia ending and edema lessinging, seen as bloody vulvular discharge | metestrus |
| In the bovine, endometrium becomes secretory, progesterone levels fall, and endometrium regenerates in what stage of the cycle? | diestrus |
| when is vaginal epithelium at it's peak cornification? | end of proestrus, beginning of estrus |
| Which stage of the cycle has numeous erythryocytes? | proestrus |
| What stage of the cycle has a mixture of erythrocytes and keritinized cells? | estrus |
| what stage of the cycle has non-staining and less keratinized epithelial cells? | metestrus-diestrus |
| What stage is predominantly non-keritinized, non-staining epitherlial cells? | anestrus |
| What are the two primary events that occur during the luteal phase (not stages, events) | luteinization (CL formation) - progesterone secretion , luteolysis |
| what cells of the ovary undergo leutinization? | theca interna, granulosa cells |
| A CH has a make-up of what cells? | theca interna cells |
| what type of cells are present in a CL? | theca interna cells that have leutalized |
| what cells become the large luteal cells? what process do they undergo to transform? | granulosa cells -hypertrophy |
| what cells become the small luteal cells? what process do they undergo? | theca interna cells hyperplasia to small luteal cells |
| what does progesterone require for synthesis? | cholesterol and LH |
| what are the target organs for progesterone (4) | hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, uterus, mammary |
| what are the effects of progesterone on the hypothalamus? | inhibits surge and tonic release of GnRH |
| what are the effects of progesterone on the anterior pituitary | decrease of GnRH receptors |
| what are the effects of progesterone on the uterus | inhibits myometrium (reduces tone and motility), stimulates endometrium to secretory |
| what are the effects of progesterone on the mammary system? | stimulates alveolar development |
| Progesterone secretion from the CL has negative feedbacks on what structures (3) | hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, uterine tissue |
| progesterone secretion form the CL has positive feedback on what structures (2) | alveolus, uterine tissue |
| what process is necessary for cyclicity? | luteolysis |
| during luteolysis what is the hormonal profile | PGF 2-alpha secreted from endometrium under stimulus from oxytocin secreted from SL |
| where is PGF 2-alpha secreted from | endometrium |
| what stimulates PGF 2-alpha secretion | oxytocin |
| where is oxytocin secreted from in luteolysis | CL |
| what type of interaction occurs during luteolysis? | local - vascular counter current exchange |
| what process occurs during the vascular counter current exchange of PGF2 alpha? | diffusion |
| what hormone (made by the endometrium) is deliverd to the ovary via vascular counter current exchange between the uterine vein and ovarian artery? | PGF2 alpha |
| what is the path for delivery of PGF2 alpha | directly from uterus to ovary uterine vein, ovarian artery |
| what must occur before the uterus is capable of producing PGF? | exposure to progesterone for a period |
| what type of feedback is PGF and oxytocin in luteolysis? | positive |
| can luteolysis be induced? how? | yes, exogenous PGF 2-alpha, AFTER CL formation |
| what has to happen on the ovary for responsivity to PGF? | 6-7 day old CL |
| where are the luteal receptors for PGF2 alpha? | plasma membrane of large luteal cells |
| what causes PGF2 alpha receptors to open? | intracellular Ca influx |
| what is activated by the PGF 2a complex? what is the effect? | protien kinase - C (inhibits progesterone synthesis) |
| What is the protocol for ovSynch (4) | - day 0 = GnRH - day 7 = PGF2a day 9 = GnRH TAI 16 hours after last GnRH shot |
| What is the protocol for presynch? | PGF2a day 14 = PGF2a start ovsynch 12 days after last PGF2a |
| What hormone causes edema in the uterus? | estrogen |
| what hormone changes the endometrium from proliferative to secretory? | progesterone |
| which portion of the endometrium undergoes changes in thickness, cell divisons, etc. | functional zone |
| What type of epithelium is present in the vagina? | stratified squamous |
| What hormone is considered the master controller and why? | progesterone - animal can not go into follicular phase under presence of progesterone |
| what is the hormonal profile of the follicular phase? | decrease in progesterone, increase in GnRH, increase in LH, increase in estrogen, increase in inhibin, decrease in FSH, estrogen to threshold stimulates LH surge |
| how does GnRH increase in follicular phase? | increase of amplitude and frequency |
| the increase of FSH in the follicular phase leads to what? | follicular development |
| what initiates the follicular phase? | decrease in progesterone |
| what is the outcome of follicular development (3) | - increase in estrogen concentration - secretion of inhibin --> decrease in FSH |
| what stimulates the LH surge of the follicular phase? | estrogen reaching threshold |
| What brings the follicular phase to end? | estrogen threshold from follicles large enough to produce that much estrogen - drives ovulation |
| What happens if a follicle never becomes large enough to produce estrogen to threshold? | atresia and die, next follicle will tru |
| what is the route of estrogen producing the preovulatory LH surge? | indirect, estrogen acts positively on hypothalamus giving GnRH surge to anterior pituitary causing LH surge |
| what are the three stages of follicles? (not growth stages like primordial) | recruitment, selection, dominance |
| the follicular dynamic stages (3) refer to what type of follicles? | antral |
| how does a follicle spend most of its life? | preantral |
| how likely is an antral follicle to become a dominant follicle? | very unlikely - less then 10% |
| what is the cohort of antral follicles growing and producing estrogen (follicular dynamic stage) | recruitment |
| can recruitment occur in the presence of progesterone? | yes |
| what is the hormonal profile of recruitment? | promotes high FSH, low LH and inhibin |
| follicles growing until 1-2 become dominant producing more estrogen all the while is a description of what? | selection of antral follicles |
| During this process one to several follicles exert inhibitory effects on the others by stealing blood supply and inhibition of FSH production | dominance |
| what is the hormonal profile of the dominance of an antral follicle? | inhibin secretions high, FSH low, LH's impact is high |
| can follicles ovulate in the presence of progesterone? why? | NO - progesterone inhibits GnRH = no LH spike |
| what hormone is synthesized through the 2 cell, 2 gonadotropin model? explain | estrogen |
| what type of follicles undergo follicular waves? | antral follicles |
| how does a CL impact follicular waves to ovulation? | won't happen with a CL present on that ovary |
| testosterone is the raw material for the production of what? | estrogen |
| describe estrogen synthesis | 1- LH binds on theca interna cells = testosterone production 2 - testosterone diffuses to granulosa cells 3 - FSH binds on granulosa cells = conversion of testosterone to testrogen |
| what are the two main sites of effect for estrogen? | hypothalamus surge center, repro. tract |
| For ovulation to occur, which cells must change their receptors? (from what to what) | granulosa cells FSH receptors become LH receptors |
| theca interna cells make progesterone instead of testosterone when? | to prepare for ovulation |
| what stimulates synthesis of collagenase? | progesterone |
| WHat enzyme chews up collagen in the ovary allowing the follicle to escape? | collagenase |
| WHat are the effects of the preovulatory LH surge? | increase PGF2a, theca interna cells shift from estrogen to progesterone, granulosa -oocyte gap junction breakdown, increased blood flow to ovary/follicle |
| what is the eventual outcome of the gap junction between the granulosal cells and oocyte being broke down? | fertilization |
| what are the effects of an increase of PGF2a during preovulatory stage? (3) | 1 - increase blood flow to ovary = edema 2 - increase contraction of ovarian m. = increase follicular pressure 3 -release of lysosomal enzyme = follicular wall weakening |
| what are the 2 direct precursors to ovulation? | increase in follicular pressure, follicular wall weakening |
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