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Criminal Justice

Chapter 1

TermDefinition
Adultery In general, sex by a married person with someone other than their spouse; specific laws differ by state, as does the level of criminality associated with it.
Blocked opportunities frame This frame indicates that crime results from a lack of legal options. Offenders live in poverty, are uneducated, unemployed, and discriminated against, and because of that commit crime.
Castle doctrine A legal doctrine that states that homeowners are no longer required to retreat if threatened by intruders. In some states it extends beyond homes.
Conflict model A theoretical view of the criminal justice system that highlights the adversarial nature of the system. Components of the criminal justice system work in competition to produce a fair outcome or justice.
Consensus model A theoretical view of the criminal justice system that highlights the collaborative nature of the system. The components of the criminal justice system work in unison to achieve justice.
Corrections Functions to protect society from criminals through housing, monitoring, and other community-based programs.
Courts The courts are responsible for interpreting and applying the law.
Crime The breaking of a law for which the criminal justice system or some other governing authority prescribes punishment.
Crime control perspective A popular view of the role of the criminal justice system. This perspective states that the goal of the system is to prevent crime by shrewdly and harshly punishing offenders
Criminal justice The system of institutions, policies, and practices with the goal of maintaining social control and deterring crime through sanctions and rehabilitation.
Criminology An academic discipline that investigates the nature, extent, and causes of criminal offending and criminal victimization.
Cybercrime A form of illegal activity using a computer or computer networks as the primary method of commission. Examples of cybercrime include network intrusions, dissemination of computer viruses, and phishing.
Decriminalization The act of ending or reducing criminal penalties associated with some behaviors.
Due process perspective A perspective that views the role of the criminal justice system to be to ensure that all people accused of crimes are treated fairly and equally in the system.
Faulty criminal justice system frame Suggests that crime occurs because of a dearth of law and order in the country and that criminals offend because they feel they can get away with it.
Framing The packaging of criminal events in the media into tidy presentations that make sharing the information easy.
Inalienable rights Rights that are universal and not contingent on laws or beliefs specific to a particular government or culture.
Indeterminate sentence Sentence given to a defendant in the form of a range of years to be served (e.g., 3 to 15 years).
Infotainment The marketing of a highly edited and distorted combination of entertainment and information purported to be truthful and comprehensive.
Judicial activism Deviation from the literal meaning of the Constitution to take into account the present situation, including complex societal advances.
Justifiable homicide The lawful killing of another person such as when a law enforcement officer or a citizen kills in self-defense or to defend another.
Law enforcement agencies are charged with investigating crimes and arresting individuals alleged to have committed crimes.
Mala in se One of two types of illegal behavior. This refers to behavior that is sinful and inherently wrong by nature.
Mala prohibita One of two types of illegal behavior. Mala prohibita describes behavior that is prohibited by law. What constitutes mala prohibita is dynamic and has changed over time.
Narrow-casting The presentation of a narrow view of information in the media to small homogeneous audiences.
No bill A decision made by a grand jury that indicates that insufficient evidence is present to proceed with the case.
Nolle prosequi Latin for “be unwilling to pursue,” this is commonly used by a prosecutor to willingly terminate legal proceedings before trial or before a verdict. The statement is often construed as an admission that the charges cannot be proven.
Nolo contendere A plea made by a defendant in which they neither admit nor dispute guilt. It is commonly referred to as a “no contest” plea.
Nonintervention perspective A view that the appropriate role of the criminal justice system is to be as minimal and nonintrusive as possible.
Property crime Crime against property. The most common forms of property crime include burglary, property theft (aka larceny), and motor vehicle theft.
Racist system frame Indicates that the problem is not crime, but rather that law enforcement, courts, and corrections are racist agents of oppression.
Rape A type of violent crime considered mala in se that includes “penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with a body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim.”
Rehabilitative perspective A view that the purpose of the criminal justice system is to rehabilitate offenders.
Restorative justice perspective this perspective indicates that the appropriate role of the criminal justice system is to restore justice as best as possible through repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior.
Social breakdown frame Indicates that crime is the result of a breakdown in family and community.
Street crimes These crimes are relatively common and serious, involving a victim and an offender who come together in space and time.
Terrorism The completed or threatened use of coercion and/or violence against a population of people with the goal of changing political, religious, or ideological positions.
USA Freedom Act A 2015 law that came into effect the day after the USA PATRIOT Act expired. This act restored many provisions of the PATRIOT Act but limited the collection of telecommunication metadata of citizens by the National Security Agency.
USA PATRIOT Act The 2001 Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act was signed into law by President George W. Bush to strengthen security measures designed to protect the United States from attack.
Victim advocates Trained professionals who support crime victims as their cases move through the criminal justice system.
Victimless crimes These criminal offenses are thought not to involve victims they do not directly harm individuals other than the offenders.
Violent media frame This frame finds that crime is depicted as a direct result of the violent media present in television, movies, video games, and music.
Created by: Kaelon_22
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