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SCI251
Microbiology week 1-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fossils of prokaryotes go back __________ billion years. | 3.5-4 |
| Which of the following diseases is transmitted via aerosols? | Psittacosis |
| The binominal system of nomenclature was originally developed by | Linnaeus. |
| What type of microscopes are used to examine structures down to the atomic level? | Scanning probe microsope |
| The tool of choice to observe living microorganisms is the | phase-contrast microscope. |
| When the solute concentration outside a cell is the same as the concentration inside the cell, the solution is called __. | isotonic |
| The formation of polymers from simpler substances is referred to as __. | synthesis |
| The bond between sodium and chlorine atoms in sodium chloride is a(n) | ionic bond. |
| The isotope deuterium has | one proton and one neutron. |
| The bond between amino acids is a(n) | peptide bond. |
| Chemically, most enzymes are | proteins. |
| The transfer of genetic material during direct cell-to-cell contact is called __. | Conjugation |
| The structures that can move fluid, mucus, or cells over the surface of a cell are | cilia. |
| The cell organelles found only in algae and plant cells are | chloroplasts. |
| A special structure formed by some bacterial cells to allow them to survive in harsh conditions is called a(n)__. | Endospore |
| Which of the following enzymes rearrange atoms within molecules, changing the configuration of the atoms? | isomerases |
| The central dogma concerning the flow of information from genetic material was first introduced by | Francis Crick. |
| Bacteria that have flagella that are distributed over the general cell surface are referred to as | peritrichous. |
| The cell organelle responsible for the packaging of proteins is the | Golgi complex. |
| The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower hydrostatic pressure is | Filtration. |
| Staphylococci are __ facultative anaerobes. | Gram-positive |
| Psychrophiles are also referred to as | cryophiles |
| Bacterial replication is accomplished primarily by | binary fission. |
| Microorganisms that grow only in the presence of oxygen are called __. | obligate aerobes |
| Methanogens are __ that grow in anaerobic environments such as swamps. | Archaea |
| Microorganisms that show optimal growth in moderate temperatures (between 25° C and 40° C) are called | mesophiles. |
| Which of the following is a host-dependent bacterium? | Rickettsia |
| A fully assembled virus is called a __. | virion |
| Picornaviridae are __ viruses. | RNA |
| The suffix -virales is given to the following terms within the taxon | Order |
| The most common viruses causing respiratory illness belong to | Adenoviridae. |
| RNA viruses belong to which of the following types according to the Baltimore classification system? | III, IV, V |
| Viruses can infect | all organisms. |
| Which part(s) of a virus aid in the attachment to the host cell membrane receptors? | spikes |
| Viral capsomeres are composed of subunits called | protomeres. |
| The correct hierarchical order for virus classification is | order, family, subfamily, genus, species. |
| The study of fungi is called __. | Mycology |
| The unique cell organelle found in the Archaezoa and that appears to be a remnant of mitochondria is called a(n) __. | mitosome |
| Which of the following are technically not microorganisms? | Helminths |
| Which of the following is commonly referred to as a pinworm? | Enterobius vermicularis |
| The lowest temperature by which all microorganisms in a particular liquid will be killed within 10 minutes is the __. | Thermal Death Point |
| Agents that kill microbes are classified as __. | Microbicidal |
| The technique that combines freezing and drying to preserve microbes and other cells is | lyophilization. |
| Which of the following has a higher resistance to environmental stresses than the others? | Bacterial endospores |
| High salt or sugar content/concentrations make use of __ to destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. | osmotic pressure |
| Which of the following microorganisms can be cultured only in the footpads of mice or a species of armadillo? | Mycobacterium leprae |
| The destruction of all microorganisms and their endospores is referred to as | sterilization. |
| Which of the following stains is the most widely used differential stain in hematology laboratories? | Wright’s stain |
| A thick growth at the top of the tube when bacteria are grown in broths is referred to as a __. | Pellicle |
| Media that contain complex organic substances such as blood for the growth of specific bacteria are referred to as | enriched media. |
| The study of the body’s response to poisons and their harmful effect is referred to as __. | Toxicology |
| The time response measures all of the following except | ED50 |
| The discipline addressing issues associated with the choice and application of drugs to be used for disease prevention, treatment, and/or diagnosis is | pharmacotherapeutics. |
| Drugs needed for diseases with fewer than 200,000 patients, and that fail to receive attention for development because of cost and need, are called | orphan drugs. |
| The decrease in blood clotting by heparin occurs at which general site of action? | Extracellular |
| Cephalosporins have __________ generations of developed agents. | five |
| Resistance to only one type of drug may allow resistance to a similar drug; this process is called __. | Cross-resistance |
| Which of the following is a synthetic antimicrobial drug? | Quinolone |
| Which of the following is not a common characteristic used in the selection of an antimicrobial drug? | Ability to administer intravenously |
| Which of the following is an antiviral agent? | Amantadine |
| A disease that breaks out only occasionally, such as typhoid fever in the United States, is referred to as a(n) __ disease. | Sporadic |
| A microorganism capable of causing disease is called a(n) __. | pathogen |
| The first case of a disease, important for descriptive epidemiology, is the ________ case. | index |
| An organism that does not normally cause disease in a healthy individual but that can cause disease when there is an imbalance in the normal flora or when the host becomes immunocompromised is called a(n) __ pathogen. | opportunistic |
| The presence of microbes in or on the body is a(n) | contamination. |
| Delayed hypersensitivity is a result of __. | Cell-mediated immune reactions |
| A substance capable of raising the body temperature is | pyrogen. |
| Which of the following is a systemic autoimmune disease? | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Cells infected with a virus produce glycoproteins that interfere with viral replication and impede its spread; these glycoproteins are called | Interferons |
| Substances that stimulate the production of antibodies are called __. | Immunogens |
| Subcutaneous mycoses occur predominantly in the | tropics. |
| It is often difficult for antibiotics to effectively reach the infection site of osteomyelitis primarily because of | destruction of the local blood supply |
| Scalded Skin Syndrome is caused by a toxin producing strain of__. | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Infections that result in the death of infected tissue are called __ infections. | necrotizing |
| Leprosy is also known as __. | Hansen's disease |
| The organism often called “flesh-eating bacteria” is | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Chickenpox and shingles are caused by the __ virus. | varicella-zoster |
| Which of the following organisms is the causative agent of skin infections and toxic shock syndrome? | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Diaper rash in infants is commonly caused by | Candida albicans. |
| “Athlete’s foot” is referred to as | tinea pedis. |
| Bacillus intoxication is caused by | Bacillus cereus. |
| Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic diarrheal disease caused by Cryptosporidium, which is a(n) __. | Protozoan |
| The painful burning sensation in the limbs known as St. Anthony’s fire is associated with the fungal infection | ergotism |
| is the largest protozoan parasite of humans. | Balantidium coli |
| Taeniasis is an infection caused by organisms known as | tapeworms. |
| All of the following are components of the gastrointestinal tract except the | spleen. |
| There are __________ known forms of gastroenteritis caused by Escherichia coli. | five |
| (+) ssRNA viruses that have been isolated from birds, cats, dogs, pigs, sheep, cows, and humans and are a major cause of gastroenteritis are the | caliciviruses. |
| A periodontal disease that is restricted to the gums is an inflammation called __. | gingivitis |
| A microbial biofilm that can form on the enamel surface of teeth and often causes tooth decay and/or periodontal problems is referred to as __. | Dental plaque |
| Trichuriasis is an intestinal infection caused by the roundworm | Trichuris trichiura |
| “Thrush” is caused by the organism | candida albicans |
| Botulism is a disease caused by the production of a potent neurotoxin by bacteria of the genus | Clostridium. |
| Microbial life on teeth was first observed by | Van Leeuwenhoek. |
| The most common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and children is | rotaviruses. |
| Giardiasis is a waterborne gastrointestinal disease caused by Giardia intestinalis, which is a | protozoan |
| Leprosy is caused by the bacterium __ . | Mycobacterium leprae |
| The arbovirus that causes West Nile encephalitis is transmitted by | mosquitoes. |
| Rabies is caused by which of the following organisms? | Virus |
| Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by __. | Streptococcus pneumonia |
| Which of the following is the causative agent for fungal meningitis, mostly in immunocompromised patients? | Cryptococcus neoformans |
| The toxic condition caused by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood is referred to as | septicemia. |
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by | Rickettsia rickettsii. |
| When microorganisms enter the circulatory system through the lymphatic drainage and cause an infection, the condition is called | microbemia. |
| Malaria is caused by a | protozoan. |
| The primary bacterial cause of atherosclerosis is | Chlamydia pneumonia |
| In the urinary system, cytomegalovirus infections are typically associated with | kidney transplant failure. |
| The current drug of choice to treat viral urinary infections is | cidofovir |
| Ureteric stenosis in kidney transplant patients has been associated with | polyomaviruses. |
| The most common fungus causing urinary tract infections is | Candida albicans. |
| Diagnosis of a UTI is a two-stage process that involves | collecting a urine sample and testing for antibiotic susceptibility of the organism. |
| Bacterial infections of the female reproductive system include | Vaginitis, Toxic shock syndrome, endometritis, and Salpingitis. |
| Bacteria that have been identified as frequently responsible for nonsexually transmitted infections of the reproductive system include | Escherichia coli, Gardnerella vaginalis, Staphylococcus aureus |
| Methods typically used to diagnose bacterial infections of the reproductive system include | microscopic examination of discharge from infected organ and microscopic examination of urine for organisms. |
| One of the defense mechanisms in place in the organs/tissues of the reproductive tract that prevent microbial infection includes | acidic pH. |
| The most common bacterial nonsexually transmitted infection of the male reproductive system is | Prostatitis |
| Which of the following antibodies is synthesized by the infant soon after birth? | IgM |
| Infectious diseases in the adult population are responsible for about one third of all deaths in individuals over the age of | 65 years. |
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is most common in | infants. |
| Rheumatic fever is usually a complication of a(n) __________ infection. | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Infectious mononucleosis most often occurs in | young adults. |
| All of the following are free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria except | Rhizobium. |
| The most lethal form of anthrax is | inhalation anthrax. |
| Which of the following diseases was declared by the WHO in 1980 to be eradicated? | Smallpox |
| Which of the following is a Category A agent? | Bacillus anthracis |
| Specific small niches in which populations and guilds within a community reside are referred to as | microhabitats. |
Created by:
iobraztsov