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PHCC nervous sysm
Disease nervous sysm ( TRACY this is for disease)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Meningitis:definition: | acute inflammation of the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater |
| Meninges are? | protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| Meningitis is an: | infectious disease that affect children and young adults |
| Meningitis can be caused by: | a bacterial or viral infection |
| Meningitis: Infecting organisms can reach meninges from: | middle ear, upper respiratory tract, frontal sinus, or carried in the blood form other infected sites. |
| Meningitis' s/s: | pyrexia, chills N&V, rash, severs cephalgia (increased ICP = inner cranial pressure), STIFF NECK (big point of difference) |
| Meningitis' pyrexia can cause: | delirium, convulsions and coma |
| Meningitis' Dx is: | lumbar puncture (LP) AKA spinal tap |
| Meninges' cerebral spinal fluid contains (CSF): | protein, leukocytes and infection |
| Meningitis' TX: | 1) antibiotic therapy for bacterial infection, 2) antipyretic ( Tylenol) for fever control, 3) IV therapy for dehydration |
| Meningitis: without Tx: | permanent brain damage, blindness, deafness, paralysis, retardation(mental) , hydrocephalus and death |
| Encephalitis: definition: | an inflammation of the brain and meninges usually caused by a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes |
| Encephalitis: s/s: | cephalalgia, pyrexia, cerebral dysfunction seizures, paralysis |
| Encephalitis: Dx: | lumbar puncture |
| Encephalitis: Tx: | 1) controlling pyrexia and ICP 2) maintain fluid and electrolyte balance 3) careful monitoring of respiratory and kidney function |
| Rabies: definition: | an inflammatory disease of the brain and spinal cord |
| Rabies: transmitted: | through bites and scratches of rabies animals, these include : dogs, cats, wolves, raccoons, skunks, foxes, bats and humans |
| Rabies : s/s | onset: usually appears 3weeks-3months after exposure s/s: pyrexia,generalized pain,mental derangement(insane),rage,convulsions,paralysis,hydrophobia,cephalgia,a production of a profuse sticky frothy saliva |
| Rabies : Tx | (once visible s/s develops, the mortality rate is almost always 100%) Tx= 3 sub Q anti-rabies injections over 3 weeks |
| Rabies : infected animals exhibit changes in temperament such as: | wild animals may act tame , the tameness is followed by a furious stage where the animal bites everything, In the final stage there is foaming at the mouth and death |
| Shingles: definition: | an acute and chronic sensory neuritis caused by the latency effect of varicella |
| Shingles: AKA: | herpes zosters |
| Shingles: s/s | painful unilateral vesicular rash, pruritus, scarring ( outbreaks commonly lasts 2-4 weeks),(most commonly occurs in people over 50) |
| Shingles: immunization | recommended for those over 60 who have had chickenpox = Zostavax |
| Shingles: Tx | antiviral therapy =(Zovirax), analgesics =(Vicodin), antipruritics =(Caladryl), SAID therapy (prednisone), There is no cure |
| Shingles: causes : | contracting chickenpox during youth will increase the chances of developing shingles later in life |
| Shingles: activation: | activation of the dormant virus is associated in/with, a compromised immune system, poorly controlled stress |
| Reye Syndrome:definition: | an encephalopathy assoc. w/ the combination of child, viral infection and the use of ASA |
| Reye Syndrome:s/s | persistent vomiting, rash, lethargy, confusion, seizures, coma |
| Reye Syndrome:Tx | controlled cerebral swelling, lower ICP w/ the use of SAIDs (Decadron), w/ proper Tx recovery rate is 85-90% |
| Tetanus: definition | an acute infection of motor neurons caused by the tetanus bacillus that lives in the intestines of animal and humans ( found in fecal matter; the tetanus bacillus persists as spores indefinitely in the soil) |
| Tetanus:susceptibility | wounds that are ragged, lacerated tissue contained w/ fecal matter. tetanus produces a powerful toxin that circulates to the nerves. |
| Tetanus :affected nerves: | affected nerves cause the muscles to become rigid with painful spasms and convulsions, |
| Tetanus: s/s | first muscles affected are located in the jaw hence the name lock jaw. These muscles can not relax and the mouth is tightly closed, neck is stiff , dysphagia, if muscle of ventilation are affected asphyxiation can occur, |
| Tetanus:Tx | tetanus has an incubation period of 1-3 weeks and the toxin travels slowly, Tx: 1) debridement of the wound. 2) administration of tetanus antitoxin or tetanus toxoid (TT) |
| debridement: | cleansing removal of necrosed tissue and removal of foreign bodies |
| Multiple scleroses (MS): definition | a idiopathic , autoimmune chronic , progressive , degeneration disease of the CNS |
| Multiple scleroses (MS)affects: | usually affects adults women 2/3 between 20-40 |
| Multiple scleroses (MS): most common form | relapsing /remitting |
| Multiple scleroses (MS): s/s (balance issues) | loss of balance, poor coordination (ataxia), tingling & numbness in extremities, shaking tremors, progressive fatigue muscular weakness |
| Multiple scleroses (MS);s/s (swallowing,bladder,vision,mental issues) | dysphrasia,bladder dysfunction(enuresis), blurred vision & diplopia, nystagmus ( involuntary , rapid movement of the eyeballs, blindness, cognitive dysfunction, decreased libido & ED, clinical depression |
| Multiple scleroses (MS) Tx: | Betaseron (interferon) to decrease the severity f symptoms & slow the progression, RISK FACTORS, increases with a high diet & growing up in a cold climate |
| Amyotrophia Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), AKA Lou Gehrig's Disease: definition | idiopathic terminal neurological disease causing a progressive loss os motor neurons |
| Amyotrophia Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): s/s | atrophy of muscle in arms and legs, muscular dysfunction of the mouth & throat, muscular twitching, death usually occurs 3-5 years after in set of symptoms and generally results from pulmonary failure |
| Amyotrophia Lateral Sclerosis (ALS):occurrences and Tx | commonly occurs in ages 50-60, slightly more common in men, Dx = with an electromyogram ( EMG) |
| Parkinson's Disease (PD): definition | an idiopathic & gradual progressive degeneration of neurons that control body movement and __________________ |
| Parkinson's Disease (PD): what it affects: | people affected w/ PD produce insufficient amounts of a neurotransmitter in the brain called dopamine, more common of Caucasian men and the average age of 65 |
| Parkinson's Disease (PD): s/s ( physical issues) | tremor (pill rolling), rigid muscles and myalgic, loss of reflexes, mask like facial expression, shuffling gait, bradykinesia, slopped posture, dysphagia.choking and drooling, monotone speech, incontinence & constipation |
| Parkinson's Disease (PD): s/s ( mental issues) | loss os libido (ED) , clinical depression |
| Parkinson's Disease (PD): Tx | Anti-Parkinson meds, physical therapy, tandem bike riding |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD): definition | progressive degenerative genetic brain disease causing dementia ( dementia= loss of mental skills affecting daily life) |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD): the 7 warning signs (1-3) | 1) asking the same question over ,over again 2) repealing the same story, word for word, again and again, 3)forgetting how to cook, how to make repairs, how to play cards=activities that were previously done with ease and regularity, |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD): the 7 warning signs (4-5) | 4) losing one ability to pay bills or balance one's checkbook 5)getting lost in familiar surrounding , or misplacing household objects, |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD): the 7 warning signs (6-7) | 6)neglecting to bathe,or wear the same clothes over again, while insisting that they have taken a bath or that their clothes are still clean, 7)relying on someone else, such as a spouse,to make decision or answer questions that they previous would have |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD): sundowning | this is when Ad becomes severe after dusk |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD): can cause= | depression, irritability, aggressiveness and delusion (false belief), eventually a person w/ AD will need complete care. |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD):Familial AD, incidences, duration, | familial AD accounts for 10%, Dx after age 65 and every 5 yrs afterwards the incidence doubles. duration =2-20 yrs, |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD):At risk? | effects more woman(1/4) than men 1/6), increased risk associated w/ obesity, hypertension, DM . research suggest AD risk lowers by keeping the mind active( reading,playing cards, dancing) |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD): Final Dx | AD is Dx when other conditions are ruled out |
| Alzheimer's Disease ( AD): Tx | Aricept ( med used to Tx AD) |
| Epilepsy : definition | abnormal electrical activity that spread over the cerebrum and can manifest itself as a seizure |
| Epilepsy : Cause | brain damage, brain tumor, ETOH and.or drug abuse, uremia (azotemia), meningitis or encephalitis, toxemia (eclampsia), hyperthermia, heredity |
| Epilepsy : the 2 major types | Grand Mal seizures (convulsions) and Peti t Mal (absence) seizures |
| Epilepsy :Grand Mal seizures: characterized by | LOC, tongue biting, hypersalivation, incontinence, tonic-clonic movement ( rapid contraction and relaxation of the muscles) |
| Petit mal (absence) seizures : characterized by: | muscular twitching around the mouth and eye, absentmindedness, the head may sway rhythmically |
| aura: | a warning s/s of an appending seizure |
| postictal state: | the confusing state that follows a Grand mall seizure |
| Dx for epilepsy | performing an electroencephalogram (EEG) |
| status epilepticus | a life threatening persistent seizure lasting more than 30 min |
| Tx for epilepsy | antiseizure med ( Dilantin, (phenytoin)) |
| Spina Bifda: definiion: | a congenital neural tube defect ( NTD)where one or more of the following , hydrocepha;us, cleft lip and/or palate, club foot, strabsmus( ( eyes dif. dirtions)/estropia (x-eyed) |
| Spina Bifida Occulta (hidden)causes: | incorrect posture, inability to walk, incontinence, a tuft of hair over the vertebral defect |
| Spina Bifida Tx: | surgery |
| Meningocele characterized: | meninges protruding through the opening in the vertebral defect |
| Meningocele Tx: | surgery |
| meningomyelocele characterized: | by the meninges and spinal cored protruding through the opening in the vertebral defect |
| meningomyelocele can cause: | mental retardation, failure to develop and paralysis |
| Myelocele:characterized: | usually fatal and characterized by an exposed disorganized spinal cord |
| spina bifida prophylactic Tx; | 3 mos. per-gravida folic acid (folate) supplements of 400 mcg/day |
| Hydrocephalus:definition | an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain caused by obstruction of the normal flow of CSF |
| Hydrocephalus:causes: | mental retardation, failure to grow normally, prominent forehead, bulging eyes, frighten expression, veins in the scalp are prominenet |
| Hydrocephalus:Tx | surgical placement of shunt to relieve the ICP |
| Cerebral Palsy (CP): definition | a non- progressive brain damaged resulting in mental and/or motor retardation before the age of 3 |
| Cerebral Palsy (CP): causes | gestational rubella ( German measles) infection, drug and or ETOH drug gestation, Hypoxia in utero, erythroblastosis fatalist (mother - father +), or idipathic |
| CVA, cerebral Vascular Accident AKA Stroke: def | brain damages commonly caused by cerebral aneurysms, cerebral infarction |
| CVA : cause: | atherosclerosis, chronic hypertension ( increased risk of CVA linked to <Vit. C and folate(folic acid) |
| CVA : at risk | usually occur often the age of 55 , risk 1 in 5 for woman and 1 in 6 for men . African Americans are twice as likely to have a CVA then Caucasians |
| CVA : S/S | dysphagia, blurred vision, ataxia, vertigo, N&v, hemiparesis (partial paralysis), hemiplegia ( total paralysis), LOC , FAST |
| paresis = | feel it but can not move it OR move it but can not feel it |
| plegia = | can not feel of move |
| CVA = FAST = | facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, time (treatments in 3 hours) |
| CVA :Tx | thrombolytic therapy effective w/in the first 3 hours of onset if s/s are caused by an emboli ( once the brain tissue necroses it will not regenerate), antihypertensive meds(Tenormin), anticoagulants (Coumadin), Rehabilitation |
| Transient Ischemic Attack ( TIA): characterized :(s/s last 15 min) | eschemic brain tissue caused by reduced flow of blood to the brain |
| TIA : causes | atherosclerosis, microemboli formation |
| TIA : treatment | prophylactic anticoagulant therapy (ASA,Plavix, Coumadin) |
| Cerebra Concussion s/s | LOC, amnesia about the accident, nausea, vertigo, cephalalgia,( cond. should resolve itself with in 24 hours), patient needs neuro checks ( NVS) performed every 2 hours |
| Cerebral Concussion: nero. checks are: | LOC status , PEARRLA, Gait check |
| Cerebral contusion:def: | a violent blow to the head where the neurological deficit last more than 24 |
| Cerebral contusion: complications: | intra-cranial hemorrhage =( epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage) coma, permanent brain damage |
| Cerebral contusion: Tx | surgery to seal off the bleeding vessels and remove blood |
| gliomas: | primary malignant tumor of the brain ( most malignancies of the brain metastasizes from other sites) |
| Brain tumors: s/s | sever cephalalgia, personality changes, loss of memory, diplopia, blindness, dysphrasia, ataxia, seizures, coma |
| Brain Tumors: Tx | although benign brain tumors are commonly removed surgically, malignant brain tumors are usually inoperable, Tx = malignancies of the brain are usually treated w/ chemotherapy and radiation therapy |
| Migraines: def. and causes | is a serve cephalalgia often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and photo-phobia, CAUSES: a constriction and dilation and the release of serotonin and prostaglandins |
| Migraines : triggers | stress, food preservatives, weather changes, menstruation, fatigue, skipping meals, alteration in normal sleep patterns, These may be inherited, occur more often in womens and last commonly 3-4 days |
| Migraines: meds | motrin, Aleve (napronen), Excedrin Migraines( ASA + APAP + caffeine) |
| Migraines: Dx | cerebral angiography ( process recording the vessels of the cerebrum), Ct and CAT, myelography ( process of recording the spinal cord), MRI, and PET (positive emission tomography) |
Created by:
wgolon
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