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Chapter 13 Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anticlericalism | Opposition to the Catholic church and clergy, caused by the Church's immorality, ignorance, and pluralism. |
| Pluralism | The action of Italian clerics holding multiple offices in England, Spain, and Germany, and leaving many of them without guidance or much funding. They would collect revenue from the church, hire a cheap priest, and leave everything else for themselves. |
| Clerical Immorality | Church officials were exempt from civic responsibilities and paying taxes. City governments wanted to reduce their privileges and wanted to choose who would be appointed to high church offices, which put city leaders into opposition with the church. |
| Martin Luther | A friar who was worried about his sin and being damned, he understood scripture as faith alone would save you, you didn't need the good works part that Catholicism supported. He spread the word through his 95 theses. |
| Indulgence | Archbishop Albert allowed friar Tetzel to sell little slips of paper by this name, which promised poor worshipers they and their loved ones would be spared from purgatory after death. This is what angered Martin Luther into writing the 95 theses. |
| Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences | Essays that outlined Martin Luther's problems with the Catholic Church, starting with his belief that indulgences undermined the sacrament of penance. |
| Printing Press | An invention by Johannes Gutenberg that allowed people to spread ideas and writings quicker. It was instrumental on the spread of the Reformation because it allowed documents like the 95 theses to make it's way around the world. |
| Diet of Worms | Meeting that called Martin Luther to the German City of Worms by Charles V to discuss his complaints against the church. Luther refused to denounce his stance and it created a broader audience for his reform ideas. |
| Protestantism | Group of reformers who separated from the Catholic Church, belief in individual interpretation of scripture over listening to a priest. They also believe in less sacraments and that faith can save you over the process of good works. |
| Eucharist | Communion, bread and wine of Christ. Catholicism and Luther believed that bread and wine really was Christ's body and blood. Meanwhile, Zwingli believed that Christ was present but he was not in the bread and wine really. |
| Zwinglism | Different from Lutheranism is that they believed that in Eucharist, the bread and wine only represented Christ instead of Lutheranism and Catholicism believing that the bread and wine really is Christ. |
| Anabaptists | Protestants who believed that only adults could make the choice to be baptized. Also allowed women in church positions. |
| German Peasant's Revolt | Crop failures and economic abuse (taking peasants' horses and cows when head of household dies) encouraged peasants in Germany to rebel and make new demands that conformed to Protestant scripture, Luther didn't support them and they lost. |
| Augsburg Confession | Lutheran statement of faith presented at the Imperial Diet by the Lutherans. Charles V refused to accept it and demanded Protestants became Catholic, causing Protestant territories to form a military alliance that fought int he Habsburg-Valois wars. |
| Peace of Augsburg | Document that ended religious wars in Germany for many decades. Ended Charles V's plan of uniting his empire under a single church. Allowed a few smaller territories to establish their own religion under Lutheranism. |
| University of Wittenberg | A University in Germany that spread Protestant ideas, many students from Denmark-Norway that brought these ideals back to their home country, allowing Denmark-Norway to be the first place to recognize Protestantism outside of the Holy Roman Empire. |
| Anglican Church | English Church established by Henry VIII so he could head the church. Regarded as a Protestant Church but still had much of the Catholic hierarchy which angered many Protestant English people and led to the formation of Puritanism. |
| Puritans | People who wanted to purify the Anglican Church because they believed they were too similar to Catholicism because they still had a hierarchical and mainly Catholic system. Many of these Puritans moved to the New World to establish the colonies. |
| English First Book of Common Prayer | Established by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer who invited Protestant theologians to England, under Edward VI, which was approved by Parliament and took England a step towards Protestantism. |
| Mary Tudor | English Monarch who turned the country from Protestantism back to Catholicism and executed hundreds of Protestants until she died and left her younger sister, Elizabeth I, in charge. |
| Elizabeth I | Protestant English Monarch who brought England back together after the rule of Mary Tudor. She united England through a middle course between Catholicism and Protestantism, bringing an end to religious fighting in England, except for Ireland. |
| Spanish Armada | Group of Spanish ships that made Spain the dominant naval force. Philip II sent them to England to attack due to their Protestantism, Elizabeth I's fire ships attacked the Spanish and sent them home through rough waters. 130 were sent, 65 made it home. |
| Calvinism | Religion within Protestantism headed by John Calvin, centered in Geneva, belief in the omnipotence of god compared to the insignificance of man, belief in Predestination, and heavy on theocracies (government headed by religion). |
| Predestination | A belief held by some Protestants that supported the idea that god had decided whether you were saved and damned already and there was nothing you could do to change it, people were still good to prove they were one of the saved. |
| John Knox | Scottish Noble who supported Calvinism and worked to reform the structure of the Scottish church in the model of Geneva, eventually creating the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. |
| Holy Office | A organizational body created by Pope Paul III in 1542, which presided over the Roman Inquisition, which had power over all Catholics, which published the Index of Prohibited Books, banning humanist and Protestant writings. |
| Council of Trent | A Catholic body made to reform the church, reaffirmed the sacraments and tradition, but worked on absenteeism, pluralism, priest promiscuity, and selling church offices. They also decided that valid marriages needed to be in front of a priest and witness. |
| Teresa of Avila | Leader of the Carmelite order, who believed god was sending her orders in her mystical visions. She traveled around the world teaching, but was condemned by the church. They believed women shouldn't teach and investigated her, but the case was dropped. |
| Ursulines | Headed by Angela Merici, a group meant to focus on the education of women; they wanted to re-Christianize society by training future wives and mothers. Spread to France and the New World. |
| Jesuits | Founded by Ignatius Loyola, this religious order traveled around the world to spread faith. Pledged vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, they achieved extreme success and greatly reformed the Catholic church and brought in more people. |
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