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Psych ch.9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| classical conditioning | A learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. |
| neutral stimulus | A stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response. |
| unconditioned stimulus | An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training. |
| unconditioned response | An organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus. |
| conditioned stimulus | A once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| conditioned response | The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus. |
| generalization | Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli. |
| discrimination | The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli. |
| extinction | The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. |
| operant conditioning | learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence |
| reinforcement | stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| secondary reinforcer | stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer |
| primary reinforcer | stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water |
| shaping | technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward |
| response chain | learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next |
| aversive control | process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli |
| negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs |
| escape conditioning | training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus |
| avoidance conditioning | training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus |
| social learning | process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
| cognitive learning | form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation |
| cognitive map | a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events |
| latent learning | alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior |
| learned helplessness | condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable |
| modeling | learning by imitating others; copying behavior |
| token economy | conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards |
Created by:
Jaidyn31