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Anth 101- Ling Anth
| Concept | Explination |
|---|---|
| Language and Culture | Language is fundamentally social. Through social interaction, humans learn the language of their community. And through language, humans express community identity and coordinate their activities. |
| Emic Approach | Insider's (or "native") perspective of how individual cultures operate |
| Etic Approach | An outsider's perspective; usually in cross-cultural perspective |
| Cognitive Linguistics | An interdisciplinary branch of linguistics, combining knowledge and research from cognitive science, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and linguistics |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis | Language affects the perception of reality; it is less of a code and more of a structure/ system |
| Linguistic Relativity | The way that language varies across cultures, reflecting different environmental, historical, and sociocultural conditions. |
| Linguistic Determinism | A range of views in which our thinking (or worldview) is seen as being determined or shaped by language—simply by the use of verbal language and/or by the grammatical structures, semantic distinctions, and inbuilt ontologies within a language |
| Transcendental Object | the object to which we relate our representations or can be unknowable and identifies it with the thing in itself (highly theoretical) |
| Importance of Color Terms and Soil Description | Relativity and universalism are both aspects of human language; |
| Alex the Bird and KoKo the Gorilla | What is the motive and meaning of language? Language does not need to be verbal |
| Relationship Between Speech and Language | Humans are able to communicate using sign systems as well as manipulate the sign systems |
| Lexicon | A speaker's mental dictionary, which contains information about the syntactic properties, meaning, and phonological representation of a language's words |
| Are primates built to procure language? | No, their vocal tract is not built to produce the variable phonemes of a spoken language. |
| Animal Calls | Animal calls can have different inflection and patterns to indicate different danger, situations, etc. (Snake call, large cat call, eagle call) |
| What is Language | a vocalization that is voluntary, communicates ideas, and is learned |
| Eble's Ideas on Language | Language is the coming together of form and meaning |
| What about individual languages? Why do they exist? | Different origination, different evolution of language, and different sound differentiates languages. |
| Phonetics | The study of the inventory and structure of the sounds of language |
| Phonemes | Distinctive sounds in a language that contrast with other sounds in that language (sounds of spoken language) |
| Sapir and Phonemics | we hear phonemes, which are meaningful in differences of contrast |
| Morpheme | The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning of function (i.e. books consists of the two morphemes book+s) |
| Syntax | The system of rules and categories that underlies sentence formation in human |
| Semantics | The study of meaning in human language |
| Word Order | The order in which words are arranged in a phrase or sentence |
| Affixes | A bound morpheme that modifies the meaning and/or syntactic (sub)category of the stem in some way |
| Lewis Carol | "Twas brilling, and the slithy toves did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogroves, and the mome raths outragrabe." - Unfarmiliar words with a familiar word structure and formation |
| Child language Development | Children are able to recognize all phonemes, they then are only able to differentiate phonemes within their target language. When practice language with a child, adults use exaggerated intination, higher pitch, questions, and dialogue. |
| Pragmatics | Speakers' and addressees' background attitudes and beliefs, their understanding of the context of an utterance, and their knowledge of how language can be used for a variety of purposes |
| Intonation | Pitch movement in spoken utterances that is not related to differences in word meaning |
| Polysemy | The situation in which a word has two or more related meanings |
| Marked and Unmarked Categories | Unmarked is considered "normal" and marked requires further specification to determine the "lesser;" (i.e. basketball v women's basketball) |
| Sign Structuralism | The theory that conceives of all cultural phenomena as sign systems, operating according to the rules of a deep structure |
| C.S. Pierce- Trichotomy of Signs | Icon, Index, and Symbol |
| Icon | similarity (i.e. fifty stars to the fifty states) |
| Index | sign vehicle is related by cause and effect (flag points towards the United States) |
| Symbol | arbitrary and culturally learned; not necessarily logical (i.e. historical and learned association of red, white, and blue to the US) |
| Sociolinguistics | How people actually use language; the use of language in a society |
| Barth | Categories have the most meaning when it's us vs. them |
| Sign Vehicle | the form of the sign |
| Object | what the sign "stands for" |
| Interpretant | the individual who does the sense-making of the sign |
| Sign | Anything that conveys meaning |
| Polysemy | multiple meanings |
| Rose in Polysemy | Rose the name and rose the flower |
| Literal meaning | The word for word meaning without any underlying connotations |
| John L. Austin | utterance accomplishes a thing and changes the world |
| William Labov- Class pronunciation | People use certain dialects to be perceived as better than others or appear fit for certain social situations |
| Non-Linguistic cues | what's going on? |
| Hypercorrection | attempt to follow the rules, but accidentally overusing that grammatical rule |
| Metapragmatic awareness | thinking about speech as we use it |
| Indexicality | the phenomenon of a sign pointing to (or indexing) some element in the context in which it occurs (i.e. here, you, me, there, next Tuesday) |
| Mutual Intelligibility | A relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort |
| Code Switching | Strategic maneuvering among linguistic styles |
| Disglossia | A situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community |
| John Gumperz | "Gravy" vs. "Gravy?" bc the speakers were learning English and women |
| Speech Styles, Power, and Gender | Speech styles are not tied to sex, but people have expectations to how they should talk based on gender; things can be perceived differently depending on the gender of the individual speaking |
| Language Change | The main reasons for language change are isolation and borrowing |
| Linguistic Universalism | the belief that social systems have operated roughly the same way all over the world at all times past and present (in this case language) |
| What does a sign include? | signifier/signified/interpretant (sign vehicle, object, and interpretant) |
| Signifier | Things that give meaning such as a word or image |
| Signified | What is evoked in the mind such as a mental concept |
| Something that has multiple meanings will have a | Semantic, pragmatic, and literal meaning (i.e. greeting v let's have a conversation v "What's up baby?" |
| Dialect | Variants within a language; these variations could include lexiconic, pronunciation, and grammatic differences |
| Creole | A convergence of more or one language into one |
| How do dialects form? | Isolation and borrowing from other languages |
| What can non-linguistic cues tell us? | What is happening in the background, signals to subjects, actions, emotions, etc. |
| Interpretant | The individual who interprets the signifier and determines the signified |
Created by:
venterpuga
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