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Human Body QB
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| These organs are the primary source of the angiotensin [an-jee-oh-TEN-sin]-converting enzyme | lungs |
| The collapse of these organs is called atelectasis [at-uh-LEK-tuh-siss] and can be caused by a lack of surfactants. | lungs |
| These organs have oblique fissures on both sides but a horizontal fissure only on the right side, so there are three lobes on the right one of these organs and two on the left. | lungs |
| These organs are in pleural [“plural”] sacs | lungs |
| These organs expand when the diaphragm contracts. The artery going to this organ carries deoxygenated [dee-“oxygen-ate-id”] blood | lungs |
| This organ has many tiny structures called alveoli [al-VEE-uh-“lie”] that take in oxygen. | lungs |
| name these organs of the respiratory system. | lungs |
| In amphibians, these organs are fed by buccal pumping | lungs |
| Hemolymph fills the plates of the “book” type of these organs, which is common in arachnid | lungs |
| In humans, these organs have five lobes and are surrounded by a (*) pleural membrane. | lungs |
| Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to these organs’ alveoli, which are found at the end of bronchioles | lungs |
| name these paired organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing. | lungs |
| Emphysema and COPD primarily affect these organs, which are surrounded by the pleural membrane. | lungs |
| These organs secrete pulmonary surfactant to decrease the surface tension of their alveoli | lungs |
| A disease of these organs which is marked by spasms in (*) bronchi can be treated with an albuterol inhaler. | lungs |
| A disease of these organs which is marked by spasms in (*) bronchi can be treated with an albuterol inhaler. | lungs |
| A substance secreted by the type II cells of structures in this organ contain the phospholipid DPPC | lungs |
| Though not the kidney, angiotensin-converting enzyme is found in the capillaries of this organ. | lungs |
| This organ is surrounded by the pleural membrane. | lungs |
| Stacks of hemolymph-containing tissue in (*) arachnids compose the “book” form of this organ. | lungs |
| The function of this organ is tested using a spirometer | lungs |
| This organ begins at the trachea and branches from bronchi to alveolar sacs | lungs |
| Deoxygenated blood is carried to this organ from the heart via the pulmonary artery | lungs |
| A lack of function in this organ is indicated by a Downes score of two. | lungs |
| This organ can secrete ACE to raise blood pressure, and the two halves of this organ are separated by the pleura. | lungs |
| A low score on a spirometry test can indicate (*) COPD in this organ | lungs |
| An infant distress syndrome is caused by a lack of surfactant in this organ’s alveoli | lungs |
| The development of this organ is quantified by the lecithin-to-sphingomyelin [[“less-ee-tin to sfin-go-my-uh-lin”]] ratio, as those compounds are found in a DPPC-rich substance that this organ secretes | lungs |
| Absence of that substance forms hyaline membranes in IRDS, which inhibits this organ's function | lungs |
| These organs are surrounded by the pleural [[“plural”]] membranes | lungs |
| The compliance of this organ is increased in a condition that contributes to (*) COPD | lungs |
| Surfactant lowers the surface tension of the sac-like clusters of alveoli found at the end of this organ's bronchioles | lungs |
| The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to this organ. | lungs |
| Premature infants unable to produce enough surfactant in this organ can develop hyaline membranes | lungs |
| Ghon’s complexes in this organ consist of a calcified lesion along with a lymph node granuloma | lungs |
| A spirometer is used to measure this organ’s vital and residual capacities, and its two halves are surrounded by the pleura | lungs |
| In response to low serum sodium, this organ secretes ACE, converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, raising blood (*) pressure. | lungs |
| name this organ, where alveoli supply oxygen to the blood. | lungs |
| Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease involving this organ and the kidneys | lungs |
| This organ contains bitter taste receptors which convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II | lungs |
| This organ contains a hilum that connects the parietal and visceral pleural membranes, and the severity of a disease affecting it is assessed by a spirometer | lungs |
| That disease, involving the breakdown of this organ’s tissues, is known as emphysema | lungs |
| This organ, which is comprised of alveoli, is subject to bronchitis. | lungs |
| These organs surround the anterior face of the media·stinum. | lungs |
| These organs' function is aided by the intercostals | lungs |
| The right one of these organs has three lobes, while the left one has only two | lungs |
| These organs are surrounded by the pleura and fed by the bronchi and the trachea. | lungs |
| This organ is the primary site where angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II, and diseases that affect this organ include sarcoidosis, mesothelioma, and (*) COPD | lungs |
| These structures contain Volkmann’s canals that allow blood flow from nutrient arteries | Bones |
| The ends of some of these structures are called epiphyses | Bones |
| Of the three classes of fish, the one that is not Agnatha or Chondrichthyes [kahn-DRIK-theez] has a name indicating that it has the tissue in these structures. | Bones |
| These structures often include medullary [MED-ul-ar-ee] cavities that are lined by the endosteum [en-DAH-stee-um], while the outer surfaces of these structures are lined by the periosteum | Bones |
| One tissue often found inside of these structures is where leukemia is active and where blood cells are created; that tissue is the marrow | Bones |
| name these rigid structures that make up the skeleton. | Bones |
| The density of these structures can be measured with a DEXA scan | Bones |
| Overproduction of the RANK ligand, which leads to a disease that causes weakening of these structures, can be treated with bisphosphonates | Bones |
| Wolff’s law states that these structures adapt their densities to pressure through formation or resorption | Bones |
| Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are responsible for maintaining the proper density of these structures. | Bones |
| Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets, which dramatically weakens these tissues in children due to their inability to absorb calcium | Bones |
| name this tissue which makes up the majority of the body’s skeletal system. | Bones |
| Secretion of parathyroid hormone decreases the density and strength of these structures, which contain Haversian (ha-VER-zee-en) canals. | Bones |
| Vitamin D is often used to treat diseases in which these structures are weak | Bones |
| In addition to aiding in formation and repair of these structures, (*) osteoblasts and osteoclasts balance levels of calcium in these structures. | Bones |
| name these structures like the femur and tibia that make up the skeletal system. | Bones |
| The radicular arteries supply blood to this structure, and it develops under influence of the Sonic hedgehog gene on the basal plate | Bones |
| This structure is the lower of the two protected by three membranes called the meninges, and its top begins at the (*) medulla oblongata. | Bones |
| This structure has 31 individual segments, and like the structure surrounding it, it has cervical and lumbar regions. | Bones |
| This structure oversees the knee jerk reflex, and together with the brain, it makes up the central nervous system | Bones |
| name this collection of nerves running down the back of the body and enclosed by a similarly named vertebral column of bones | Bones |
| Australopithecines and Paranthropines had sagittal crests on some of these objects, while humans do not. | Bones |
| These objects can become pneumatized, like they are in birds to assist flight. | Bones |
| Prognathism refers to the relationship between 3 of these objects behind the (*) face | Bones |
| Their basic units are osteons, and mineralization makes them more inorganic | Bones |
| Sutures are wavy joints between these objects, and they are made of hydroxyapatite | Bones |
| name these objects, which comprise skeletons. | Bones |
| These structures restructure according to Wolff’s law, resulting in different thicknesses due to variations in pressure | Bones |
| Sesamoiditis is an inflammation around one type of these structures, exemplified by the pisiform and the hyoid. | Bones |
| Growth of these structures occurs at the epiphyseal (*) plate | Bones |
| Formation of long types of these structures requires a hyaline cartilage precursor which undergoes endochondral ossification | Bones |
| Vitamin D can be used to treat diseases in which the density of these structures is reduced, such as osteoporosis | Bones |
| name these structures like the tibia and femur. | Bones |
| Sharpey’s fibers adhere this tissue to its enveloping membrane | Bones |
| Cells located in Howship’s lacunae resorb this tissue using hydrochloric acid | Bones |
| The first step in repair of this tissue is the formation of a hematoma. This tissue’s breakdown is promoted by parathyroid hormone | Bones |
| This tissue grows at epiphyseal plates, and it contains inorganic hydroxyapatite | Bones |
| The medullary cavity of long ones may contain hematopoietic tissue, which also produces platelets | Bones |
| This tissue is weakened by rickets, and its mineral density is often reduced by post-menopausal osteoporosis | Bones |
| name this tissue which usually surrounds marrow, is rich in calcium, and makes up the skeleton. | Bones |
| One region of this organ contains a part of dentate granule cells called mossy fibers | Brain |
| In this organ, Schwann cells create a layer of myelin over a certain type of cell. | Brain |
| The cavity in which this organ resides is filled with (*) cerebrospinal fluid to protect it and remove waste | Brain |
| Processes like breathing are controlled in this organ's namesake stem. | Brain |
| name this organ inside the skull in which neurons are used to store information | Brain |
| An obsolete and incredibly painful medical procedure known as PEG drained fluid from around this organ in order to image it with X-rays. | Brain |
| This organ contains the limbic system, which includes the amygdala | Brain |
| Other parts of this organ include the temporal and frontal (*) lobes, which are part of the cerebrum. | Brain |
| The main organ of the nervous system is, for 10 points, what organ is located inside the skull and responsible for thoughts? | Brain |
| Examination of a patient nicknamed “Tan” allowed Paul Broca to determine the function of his namesake area in this organ, which is connected by the arcuate fasciculus to Wernicke’s area | Brain |
| This organ is connected to the spinal cord by the medulla oblongata, part of its namesake (*) stem | Brain |
| This organ is divided into temporal, occipital, parietal, and frontal lobes, and connections in the prefrontal cortex in this organ are broken in a lobotomy. | Brain |
| This is the central organ of the nervous system | Brain |
| The cerebellum and cerebrum are part of, for 10 points, what organ, surrounded by the cranium? | Brain |
| Areas of this organ are named for Wernicke and Broca | Brain |
| Phineas Gage suffered an accidental injury to this organ, which is divided by the corpus callosum and surrounded by three membranes known as meninges | Brain |
| The (*) stem of this organ contains the medulla oblongata and pons, and it is divided into temporal, parietal, occipital and frontal lobes. | Brain |
| name this primary organ of the nervous system, located in the skull. | Brain |
| The outer surface of this organ is divided into sulci and gyri, which are indentations and ridges respectively | Brain |
| The two halves of this organ are connected by the corpus callosum | Brain |
| One structure in this organ is named for its resemblance to a seahorse, the (*) hippocampus. | Brain |
| name this organ that is split into four lobes and is the main component of the central nervous system. | Brain |
| This organ contains the pons and the medulla oblongata. | Brain |
| It is part of the central nervous system and is separated into two parts by the corpus callosum. | Brain |
| This organ contains the limbic system, whose parts include the hippocampus (“HIP-oh-CAM-pus”) and the amygdale | Brain |
| Meningitis (“men-in-JIE-tiss”) is an inflammation of a set of membranes surrounding this organ | Brain |
| The largest part of this organ is divided into occipital (“ock-SIP-it-uhl”), temporal, parietal (“puh-RIE-et-uhl”), and frontal lobes | Brain |
| name this organ whose parts include the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex, which does most of your thinking. | Brain |
| This tissue contains cells with a similar name to pancreatic cells, which contain Birbeck granules and are called Langerhans (LAHN-gur-HAHNZ) cells | skin |
| Corneocytes (KORN-ee-oh-SAITS), which are found in the stratum corneum (STRAT-um KORN-ee-um) of this tissue, are the result of keratinocytes (KER-uh-TIN-oh-saits) differentiating in the stratum basale | skin |
| Arrector pili (ah-REK-tor PAI-lee) muscles are found in this tissue, that also contains (*) sebaceous (suh-BAY-shus) glands | skin |
| UV radiation stimulates the production of Vitamin D in this tissue, which is affected by eczema | skin |
| name this largest organ, which consists of the dermis and epidermis. | skin |
| A mutation in the ABCA12 gene causes the “harlequin” type of a disease affecting this organ in infants | skin |
| A type of surgery that began as chemosurgery is used to treat this organ and was developed by Frederic Mohs | skin |
| Benzoyl peroxide is used to treat conditions of this organ. | skin |
| PPD is injected into this organ in the (*) Mantoux test for tuberculosis | skin |
| Pacinian corpuscles are mechanoreceptors in this organ. | skin |
| This organ includes the stratum corneum and stratum lucidum | skin |
| Diseases that affect this organ include vitiligo and psoriasis | skin |
| Ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of melanoma in this organ | skin |
| name this largest organ in the human body that is covered by the epidermis. | skin |
| Keratinocytes form the top layer of this organ, and sebaceous glands secrete oily matter that covers this organ. | skin |
| The stratum basale is a layer of cells in this organ, which also includes subcutaneous tissue. | skin |
| The (*) epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are the three layers of this largest human organ | skin |
| identify this organ which covers your entire body. | skin |
| Benzoyl peroxide is one drug used to treat a condition of this organ | skin |
| Basal cell carcinoma is a common type of cancer that affects this organ, which can also be afflicted by psoriasis and (*) eczema. | skin |
| Excessive exposure to sunlight can increase the risk of cancers like melanoma in, for 10 points, what largest human organ, which covers the entire human body? | skin |
| One disease of this organ has cell types sorted by the Callender system and can be treated with Mohs surgery. | skin |
| Excess water and minerals can be removed through merocrine glands in this organ, which contains arrector pili muscles | skin |
| Meissner’s corpuscles serve a (*) sensory application in this organ | skin |
| The Mantoux test for tuberculosis is performed on this organ, which stores fat in the subcutaneous layer. | skin |
| In fish, amphibians, and reptiles, pigment is stored in this organ by chromatophores, and this organ can change size to aid in camouflage | skin |
| name this largest organ of the body which includes the dermis and epidermis. | skin |
| A hormone that primarily affects this organ has also been implicated in a wasting condition called cachexia, and is abbreviated MSH | skin |
| Cancer in this organ is often treated with EDC, or electrodessication and curettage | skin |
| This organ contains the arrector pili muscles. | skin |
| This organ contains infection-prone sebaceous glands, and it manifests the best-known symptoms of the (*) Varicella zoster virus. | skin |
| This organ produces Vitamin D3 using UV radiation | skin |
| This organ’s outer layer is mostly keratin, and its color is affected by melanin. | skin |
| name this largest organ of the body, which is affected by eczema, melanoma, and acne. | skin |
| Surgeons operating on this type of tissue often follow its Langer’s lines while making incisions in order to speed healing | skin |
| Receptors known as Merkel cells are found in the stratum basale of this tissue, and individuals with vitiligo have an (*) unnaturally colored form of this tissue. | skin |
| Secretions occur from the sebaceous glands in this tissue, and exposing this tissue to ultraviolet radiation can cause melanoma | skin |
| name this tissue that comprises the largest organ in the body and whose diseases are treated by dermatologists. | skin |
| One disease of this organ is often treated using CCPDMA or Mohs surgery | skin |
| Nevi appear in this organ. Eccrine glands are found in this organ, which is mostly composed of squamous cells | skin |
| Another disease of this organ can be treated with benzoyl peroxide and is caused by overactive sebaceous glands | skin |
| Applying zinc oxide and titanium dioxide can help prevent a disease of this organ that is characterized by different colours and (*) irregular borders | skin |
| Vitamin D3 is produced in this organ | skin |
| Red bumps on this organ can be caused by the buildup of keratin in the hair follicles below its epidermis | skin |
| name this large organ that is affected by melanoma and acne. | skin |
| Birbeck granules are found in cells in this organ | skin |
| Pacinian corpuscles are localized to this organ, which, in infants, produces vernix caseosa | skin |
| Merkel cell carcinoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis affect this organ | skin |
| Though not the kidneys, it is subdivided into sections named for Malpighi | skin |
| The stratum corneum consists of cornified cells in this organ, which in humans is the site of desquamation. | skin |
| This organ houses sebaceous glands in humans. Keratinocytes constitute most of the epithelial tissue on the outer section of this organ | skin |
| name this large organ serving as defense against pathogens, consisting of the dermis and epidermis. | skin |
| This structure is affected by a mutation in ABCA12 that causes harlequin-type ichthyosis. | skin |
| This organ includes Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles. | skin |
| It’s not the pancreas, but one part of it includes Merkel cells and Langerhans cells. | skin |
| The pilomotor reflex affects this organ, which contains the sebaceous glands | skin |
| Divided into three main layers, this organ is composed largely of collagen and keratin, and is affected by psoriasis and eczema. | skin |
| The largest organ of the body, it comprises the first line of defense against pathogens | skin |
| name this organ whose top layer is the epidermis. | skin |
| Name this organ, the major component of the integumentary system. The epidermis is the outermost layer of this organ. | skin |
| Growth bands in these structures, called the striae of Retzius, can be used to estimate the ages of animals. | teeth |
| The bottoms of these structures are covered by a layer of cementum, and the process by which these structures become visible is termed eruption | teeth |
| A porous yellow matrix surrounds a (*) chamber inside these structures that is filled with nerve-containing pulp. | teeth |
| The visible surface of these structures is covered by enamel, which can be strengthened through fluoride therapy. | teeth |
| name these structures in the mouth that can be straightened with braces. | teeth |
| The direction of diagonal striations on these structures has been used to disprove the uniqueness of handedness to humans | teeth |
| Like tree rings, these structures contain growth lines that harbor historical environmental conditions | teeth |
| Humans are classified as diphyodont [“DIE-FY-oh-daunts”] because they develop (*) two sets of these structures | teeth |
| Exposure of the nerves in the pulp chamber of these structures can cause intense pain. | teeth |
| It’s not bone, but these structures contain hydroxyapatite in their outermost layer which forms the hardest substance in the human body | teeth |
| names these oral structures that dentists examine for a living. | teeth |
| Nerve fibers named after Howard Mummery are found deep within these structures. | teeth |
| Birds and reptiles are born with one of these structures that they use to break open the shell of the egg. | teeth |
| The bottom of these structures is covered by cementum, which is partially made of hydroxyapatite | teeth |
| The blood and nerve-rich (*) pulp is surrounded by yellow dentin in these structures. | teeth |
| Fluoride is often added to the water supply to strengthen the enamel found on the outside of these structures. | teeth |
| name these bony structures exemplified by canines, incisors, and molars. | teeth |
| One part of these structures is covered with cementum (“see-MEN-tum”). They are divided into a “crown” and a “root,” and are covered with enamel. | teeth |
| A relatively common sleep disorder is bruxism, the clenching or grinding of these body parts; such grinding can damage crowns, caps, and fillings. | teeth |
| The plaque that forms on these structures is a bacterial biofilm that feeds on free sugars | teeth |
| In this anatomical region, a Chiari malformation occurs when tissue from it extends into the spinal canal | cerebellum |
| Climbing fibers are a series of neuronal projections from the medulla’s inferior olivary nucleus that form connections with cells in this organ; those cells are called (*) Purkinje cells. | cerebellum |
| The Fastigial, Interposed, and Dentate nuclei make up the “deep” nuclei of this organ, which is located under the Cerebrum | cerebellum |
| name this organ responsible for coordination and movement, with a name that means “little brain” in Latin. | cerebellum |
| This structure’s most numerous cell type begins expressing Zic-family proteins as it differentiates from the rhombic lip. | cerebellum |
| This structure’s longitudinal microzones are aligned with stripes of alternating high and low expression of the molecular marker Zebrin II (“two”), which is actually just aldolase C | cerebellum |
| One cell type in this structure forms a “pinceau” (“pan-SOH”), allowing it to transmit signals rapidly through ephaptic inhibition. | cerebellum |
| Another cell type found in this structure can either receive input from parallel fibers originating in its (*) granule cells, or from a single climbing fiber originating in the medulla oblongata that causes a high-frequency “complex spike.” | cerebellum |
| The molecular layer of this structure contains GABAergic (“GAB-uh-ER-jick”) stellate and basket cells. | cerebellum |
| This structure’s two hemispheres are divided by a central vermis, and its deep nuclei are inhibited by Purkinje (“per-KIN-jee”) cells | cerebellum |
| name this hindbrain structure that regulates motor coordination. | cerebellum |
| Outputs from this structure are passed through “deep nuclei” named for it. | cerebellum |
| Mossy fibers are one method of inputs into this structure. | cerebellum |
| Damage to this structure is known to cause low frequency “intention tremors.” | cerebellum |
| This structure is divided into three parts including the midline vermis, lesions of which will cause problems with stance and gait. | cerebellum |
| The tiny granules in the inner layer of this structure communicate through parallel fibers to Purkinje cells | cerebellum |
| Major functions like attention and motor control are primarily controlled by this structure. | cerebellum |
| name this structure sometimes called the “little brain” that is located in the rear of the cerebrum. | cerebellum |
| A paraneoplastic degenerative disease that affects this structure has been linked to the action of anti-Yo antibodies | cerebellum |
| This structure may unusually extend below the foramen magnum as a result of a Chiari malformation | cerebellum |
| The transmission of input signals from this structure's inferior olivary is facilitated by a system of “climbing fibers.” | cerebellum |
| The four types of deep nuclei present within the white matter of this structure receive inhibitory inputs from (*) Purkinje cells | cerebellum |
| Lesions in this structure cause an ataxia that results in an abnormal gait. | cerebellum |
| This structure lies directly behind the pons and under the occipital lobe, and is largely responsible for balance and motor control | cerebellum |
| name this structure of the brain whose name in Latin means “little brain.” | cerebellum |
| This structure contains the fastigial, globose, and emboliform “deep” nuclei. | cerebellum |
| The Dandy-Walker and Joubert syndromes, and Machado-Joseph disease affect this structure | cerebellum |
| In this structure, climbing fibers, housed by the inferior olivary nucleus, form connections with Purkinje cells | cerebellum |
| Inputs to this structure include (*) mossy fibers. | cerebellum |
| This structure is located behind the medulla, and is present along with the brainstem inside the posterior cranial fossa | cerebellum |
| It plays an important role in motor control. | cerebellum |
| name this region of the brain whose name means “little brain.” | cerebellum |
| This structure’s function is negatively affected by an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a repeating CAG (“C-A-G”) sequence on the ATXN3 gene, known as Machado–Joseph disease | cerebellum |
| Anti-Yo antibodies cause this structure’s paraneoplastic (“para-neo-plastic”) degeneration | cerebellum |
| Information reaches this structure through the arbor vitae | cerebellum |
| Mossy fibers coming to this structure from the pons can form synapses called rosettes with granule cells, which make up 80 percent of the brain’s neurons. | cerebellum |
| The two hemispheres of this structure are separated by the vermis, which contains one of the deep nuclei that receive inhibitory signals from large GABAergic neurons called Purkinje cells | cerebellum |
| motor control is governed by what brain structure beneath the cerebrum, whose name means “little brain”? | cerebellum |
| This structure contains two flocculi connected by thin pedicles | cerebellum |
| Climbing fibers from the inferior olivary nucleus provide input into clumps of gray matter known as this structure’s deep nuclei | cerebellum |
| Mossy fibers provide input into neural complexes in this structure | cerebellum |
| Those structures are formed by tiny granular cells that comprise parallel fibers and intersect the dendritic trees of large (*) Purkinje [“per-KIN-jee”] cells | cerebellum |
| This brain structure is under the occipital lobe and behind the medulla and pons | cerebellum |
| name this brain structure that mediates coordination and fine motor control and whose name is Latin for “little brain.” | cerebellum |
| Chiari malformations are structural defects in this structure | cerebellum |
| Infection can result in damage to this structure in prion diseases and Miller–Fisher syndrome | cerebellum |
| The primary cells of this structure receive weak signals from the parallel fibers of granule cells and strong signals from climbing fibers. | cerebellum |
| When this structure is attacked by anti-Yo antibodies, (*) Purkinje cells are destroyed. | cerebellum |
| The substantia nigra is located in this structure’s basal ganglia | cerebellum |
| Damage to this brain structure is tested the same way as drunkenness, due to its function in language, attention, and motor control | cerebellum |
| name this part of the brain with a name meaning “little brain.” | cerebellum |
| It’s not the mouth or throat, but features of this region include the uvula and tonsils. | cerebellum |
| This region’s arbor vitae contain the dentate nuclei, which is one of this region’s “deep” nuclei | cerebellum |
| This region’s major cell types are the granule and (*) Purkinje cells. | cerebellum |
| The primary fissure divides this region into the posterior and anterior lobes, and the vestibulo-ocular reflex originates from this region of the brain | cerebellum |
| This region of the brain is located behind the medulla and under the occipital and temporal lobes | cerebellum |
| name this region of the brain responsible for motor control, whose name is Latin for “little brain.” | cerebellum |
| Patients with damage to this structure exhibit “intention tremor.” | cerebellum |
| It is very sensitive to alcohol, and tests for damage to it are similar to drunk driving tests | cerebellum |
| Input to this part of the metencephalon comes from the Inferior Olive via climbing fibers | cerebellum |
| This region has a regular structure consisting of parallel fibers, tiny granule cells, and gigantic Purkinje cells, which may have a general (*) “error correction” function. | cerebellum |
| Although it only takes up 10% of the volume, it contains about 80% of the brain’s neurons | cerebellum |
| It sits behind the pons and under the occipital lobe | cerebellum |
| name this region of the brain important for coordination and motor control, which looks like another little brain behind the cerebrum. | cerebellum |
| Part of this structure is absent in a syndrome that can cause mega cisterna magna, and which is named for Dandy and Walker | cerebellum |
| This structure contains the fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei, which are collectively called its namesake "deep nuclei" and are located in the arbor vitae | cerebellum |
| Marr and Albus proposed theories of this structure’s function. | cerebellum |
| This structure includes a narrow medial tissue called its namesake vermis. | cerebellum |
| Inputs in this structure diverge to stimulate a huge number of namesake granule cells, then converge to stimulate a much smaller number of Purkinje cells, which are among the largest neurons | cerebellum |
| name this portion of the brain involved in balance and motor skills, which is located under the cerebrum. | cerebellum |
| People with lesions in this structure can fail the pronation-supination test because they are unable to perform rapid alternating movements. | cerebellum |
| The deep nuclei of this structure accepts input from the inferior olive via climbing fibers, while mossy fibers synapse on granule cells and deep nuclei. | cerebellum |
| This structure is attacked by anti-Yo antibodies in a paraneoplastic syndrome in which this structure's (*) Purkinje cells are destroyed. | cerebellum |
| This structure contains floccular and nodular lobes independent of a pair of foliated hemispheres separated by a vermis. | cerebellum |
| Along with the pons, it originates from the metencephalon. | cerebellum |
| It is located underneath the cerebrum | cerebellum |
| name this part of the brain responsible for coordinating movements, whose name means "little brain." | cerebellum |
| Medulloblastomas originate in this structure, and deep nuclei and vestibular nuclei are the only path for output from it | cerebellum |
| Climbing fibers stimulate the Purkinje cells that make up much of this feature, and damage to it can result in ataxia | cerebellum |
| It is made up of tightly folded gray matter, and its functions include processing language and managing attention. | cerebellum |
| It is located beneath the occipital lobe and behind the brainstem. | cerebellum |
| name this structure that deals primarily with coordination and movement, whose name means “little brain” in Latin. | cerebellum |
| This structure has three main divisions, including the flocculonodular lobe, and it is composed mostly of minute granule cells | cerebellum |
| One portion of this structure is called the arbor vitae and contains “deep nuclei” that receive excitatory input from mossy fibers and inhibitory input from Purkinje fibers. | cerebellum |
| Three peduncles connect it to other portions of the (*) brain | cerebellum |
| Its hemispheres are divided by the vermis, and this structure is responsible for maintaining balance and coordinating and regulating muscle activity | cerebellum |
| Paraneoplastic degeneration of this structure is diagnosed by testing for Anti-Yo antibodies. | cerebellum |
| In Dandy-Walker syndrome, the vermis of this structure is often absent, and this structure’s tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum in the (*) Chiari malformation. | cerebellum |
| Mossy fibers transmit sensory information directly to this structure’s deep nuclei, while climbing fibers transmit motor inputs to a single Purkinje cell, enabling fine adjustment to motor action | cerebellum |
| In Dandy–Walker syndrome, this structure’s vermis doesn’t fully form, allowing the fourth ventricle to connect to the posterior fossa. The medulla’s climbing fibers synapse directly with this structure. | cerebellum |
| Purkinje cells are large neurons that can be stained with the Golgi method, and are found in this part of the brain. | cerebellum |
| During this organ's development, the foramen ovale (for-AIM-en oh-VAL-ee) may fail to close, which could lead to an increase in the chance of stroke | heart |
| Chordae tendinae (KOR-ai TEN-din-ai) connect the papillary muscles of this organ to both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. | heart |
| The (*) SA and AV nodes generate electrical impulses that regulate this organ, whose muscle is damaged in a myocardial infarction | heart |
| The absence of P waves in an EKG can be a signal of ventricular tachycardia (TAK-ik-ARD-ee-uh) in this organ. | heart |
| name this four-chambered organ that pumps blood through the body. | heart |
| The Frank-Starling Law describes the relationship between this organ’s EDV and SV when all other factors are constant | heart |
| Hypertrophy in this organ can be diagnosed by an increased QRS amplitude | heart |
| Action potentials in this organ are conducted most efficiently by Purkinje (“purr-kin-jee”) fibers | heart |
| A reference value called Wilson’s central terminal is used when monitoring the activity of this organ using (*) 12 leads formed by 10 electrodes | heart |
| In that technique to monitor this organ, a sine wave readout indicates atrial flutter | heart |
| Arrhythmia in this organ can be treated by administering a large electric current | heart |
| name this organ that can be restarted by a defibrillator. | heart |
| The action of this organ is portrayed by the Wiggers diagram, and its homeostasis is regulated by the baroreflex and the Frank-Starling Law. | heart |
| It’s not the kidney, but ACE inhibitors can treat acute failure of this organ, which secretes the natriuretic peptides ANP and BNP. | heart |
| Impulses to this organ’s apex are transmitted through bundle branches and Purkinje fibers from the (*) SA node. | heart |
| Blood leaving this organ’s right ventricle is transported through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. | heart |
| The activity of this organ is visualized on an EKG | heart |
| name this organ that pumps blood to the rest of the body. | heart |
| Q, R, and S waves are produced by this organ in a complex that measures ventricular depolarization | heart |
| Purkinje fibers and the SA node help with electrical conduction in this organ | heart |
| Myocarditis is the inflammation of a layer of this organ. It's not the stomach, but this organ can be the subject of (*) "bypass surgery" | heart |
| An EKG may be used to show the activity of, for 10 points, what organ which pumps blood through the body? | heart |
| Diseases in which this organ is dysfunctional, such as torsades des pointes ("tor-SAD de PWANT"), can be treated with Sotalol. Intercalated ("in-TUR-cuh-late-ed") discs connect muscle cells in this organ | heart |
| A bundle branch block may cause a plot of this organ's behavior to exhibit a widened QRS complex | heart |
| Beta blockers primarily treat this organ. | heart |
| This organ's repolarization is delayed in long QT syndrome | heart |
| It's not the brain, but this organ's function may be measured using ten electrodes acting as twelve "leads." | heart |
| Muscle tissue in this organ is involuntary and striated | heart |
| The mitral valve controls blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle of this organ. | heart |
| an ECG flatlines when what organ stops pumping blood? | heart |
| The diastole (di-AA-stoh-lee) and systole (SIS-toh-lee) of this organ produce the QRS complex on EKG readings | heart |
| Purkinje (purr-KIN-jee) fibers in this organ transfer electrical signals around this organ. | heart |
| The tricuspid and mitral (*) valves in this organ control flow between the upper and lower parts of this organ, which are four chambers called atria and ventricles | heart |
| Veins carry blood to, for 10 points, what organ of the circulatory system that pumps blood to the rest of the body? | heart |
| This organ is derived from splanchnopleuric mesenchyme in the neural plate during embryonic development | heart |
| Tendon-resembling fibrous cords of connective tissue in this organ connect the papillary muscles to openings in this organ; those cords are called chordae tendineae | heart |
| An oval-shaped depression in the wall of one section of this organ is a remnant of an opening in the same area called (*) the foramen ovale. | heart |
| Metoprolol is one drug in a class of medications that slows down this organ by blocking the effects of epinephrine; those medications are beta blockers. | heart |
| The tricuspid valve in this organ allows for fluid flow between its right atrium and right ventricle. | heart |
| name this muscular organ with four sections that pumps blood through the vessels in the circulatory system. | heart |
| Purkinje (pur-KIN-jee) fibers transmit electrical signals through this organ | heart |
| This organ contains a bicuspid valve and a tricuspid valve, and it can be regulated by artificial (*) pacemakers | heart |
| The aorta carries blood out of this organ, which is comprised of two atria and two ventricles | heart |
| name this primary circulatory organ that pumps blood throughout the human body. | heart |
| In early development, this organ takes on a primitive ‘tubular’ shape with five regions, including the bulbus cordis. | heart |
| In fetuses, this organ contains a hole called the foramen ovale, which in adults becomes a depression called the fossa ovalis. | heart |
| In this organ, the AV node is electrically connected first to the fascicular branches, then to Purkinje fibres, by the (*) Bundle of His | heart |
| Two parts of this organ are separated by the tricuspid valve | heart |
| This organ contracts during systole before re-expanding in diastole | heart |
| two ventricles and atria make up which main organ of the human circulatory system? | heart |
| One function of this organ is characterized by P and T waves and peaks at the QRS complex | heart |
| Wolf-Parkinson-White disease affects this organ, and Marfan syndrome is one congenital defect affecting this organ. | heart |
| This organ contains the Bundle of His, and normal function of this organ is maintained by (*) Purkinje fibers | heart |
| The function of the SA node in this organ is measured with an EKG, and this organ contains the mitral and tricuspid valves. | heart |
| The vena cava flows into this organ which is made up of atria and ventricles. | heart |
| name this organ that “beats” to pump blood. | heart |
| Symptoms of Keshan disease include weakness of muscle in this organ, making it abnormally large. | heart |
| Damage to this organ can be specifically detected by rising levels of troponin I and troponin T. | heart |
| This organ's foramen ovale closes immediately after birth, as it is among two fetal shunts that bypass the (*) lungs to bring blood here. | heart |
| In this organ, branches of the bundle of His transfer action potentials to control the rate of contraction | heart |
| This organ's muscle is damaged when blood flow is blocked in a myocardial infarction | heart |
| name this organ, whose left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. | heart |
| It’s not the Aorta, but Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four congenital defects in this organ. | heart |
| This structure in fetuses contains the foramen ovale, and trabeculae carneae are muscular projections in this organ | heart |
| Bachmann’s bundle and Purkinje fibers help this organ become (*) depolarized, and this structure’s bicuspid valve has two cusps while its semilunar valve has three | heart |
| The venae cavae run through this organ, where arrhythmias occur, and it is divided into atria and ventricles | heart |
| EKG’s monitor the electrical activity of, for ten points, what cardiovascular organ that pumps blood throughout the body? | heart |
| Fluid buildup around this organ impairs its function in a namesake tamponade. | heart |
| Sleep apnea is often a symptom of, and a possible cause of disorders of this organ. | heart |
| This organ produces P, T, and U waves | heart |
| Disorders of this organ often manifest in abnormal QRS complexes. | heart |
| This organ is regulated by the AV and (*) SA nodes. | heart |
| Disorders of this organ are the most common cause of death in people with Marfan’s syndrome and gigantism | heart |
| Its activity is measured with an EKG | heart |
| Impaired activity of this organ creates a fluid buildup in its “congestive” failure | heart |
| This organ suffers a myocardial infarction when the coronary arteries are blocked. | heart |
| name this organ that pumps blood. | heart |
| This organ is affected by Wolff Parkinson White syndrome, one of the preexcitation syndromes | heart |
| Pwaves and the QRS complex correspond to depolarization of parts of this organ, whose Bundle of His sends signals to Purkinje fibers via gap junctions between cells | heart |
| Papillary muscles pull chordae tendineae during (*) systole to open tricuspid and mitral valves in this organ | heart |
| The pulmonary arteries carry blood from this organ to the lungs to be oxygenated | heart |
| name this muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the human body. | heart |
| Ebstein’s anomaly is a defect in this organ which is often accompanied by accessory tissue named for Albert Kent. | heart |
| The lining of this organ is inflamed in Dressler’s syndrome and this organ is also affected in Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome | heart |
| The Frank-Starling mechanism pertains to the physiology of this organ. | heart |
| The chordae tendinae are found in this organ as are the Bundles of His which split into multiple Purkinje Fibres | heart |
| An ECG is used to investigate the electrical activity of this organ to identify conditions such as arrhythmias | heart |
| name this organ affected by myocardial infarction which pumps blood around the body. | heart |
| The development of a disorder affecting one part of this organ in people with diabetes is caused by osmotic stress due to sorbitol | Eye |
| One part of this organ can have flame hemorrhages (“HEM-er-ij-iz”) in people with high blood pressure | Eye |
| One structure in this organ is held in place by the ciliary (“SIL-ee-er-ee”) body, which adjusts its shape by accomodation | Eye |
| The two chambers of this organ contain (*) aqueous (“AY-kwee-us”) humor andvitreous (“VI-tree-uhs”) humor | Eye |
| These organs send their output to the occipital (“ok-SIP-ih-tul”) lobe from their retina through the optic nerve | Eye |
| name this organ which also contains a lens. | Eye |
| One condition which affects this organ can be treated with latanoprost, which is a prostaglandin F receptor agonist | Eye |
| Cross-linking of alpha-crystallins occurs in another major condition which affects this organ | Eye |
| A condition of this organ can be classified as “open-angle” or “closed-angle” depending on the obstruction of drainage pathways | Eye |
| Using a tonometer to measure pressure is a common way of determining whether excess (*) aqueous humor is present in this organ. | Eye |
| Blood vessels in the choroid supply oxygen to the fovea in this organ | Eye |
| This organ can be affected by glaucoma and cataracts | Eye |
| macular degeneration affects the retina of what visual organ? | Eye |
| The presence of a precursor to this structure distinguishes the warnowiids from the polykrikoides dinoflagellates | Eye |
| The brittle star Ophiocoma wendtii contains calcite structures analogous to these organs | Eye |
| The reptile Indotyphlops braminus unusually has reduced function of these organs, a characteristic of the family Typhlophidae. | Eye |
| Antagonistic pleiotropy may be responsible for the loss of function of these structures in some populations of Astyanax mexicanus. | Eye |
| An early precursor to this organ in one lineage is found near the paraflagellar body and appears as stigmata under a microscope; that precursor to this organ is found in Euglena. | Eye |
| Andrew Parker posited that evolution of this structure drove the Cambrian explosion in his “light switch hypothesis.” | Eye |
| name this organ, which due to an evolutionary quirk in humans, is arranged such that the receptive rods and cones are at the back. | Eye |
| The antioxidant Glut·a·thi·one and its associated reductase protect this organ against chemical stress. | Eye |
| One process in these organs is catalysed by the i·som·er·o·hydrolase R·P·E·65 and the hyperpolarization of certain cells in this organ activates bipolar-ganglion synapses | Eye |
| In some reptiles these organs are covered by the nictitating membrane and the zonule of Zinn connects the ciliary body to another part of this organ, whose transparency is controlled by Crystallin. | Eye |
| Schlemm’s canal is found at the base of this organ’s sclera and drains its aqueous humor. For 10 points, name this organ, whose retinas detect photons. | Eye |
| One structure within this organ contains Cloquet’s canal, through which the hyaloid artery retracts before birth | Eye |
| During the process of accommodation, the action of the ciliary muscle compresses this organ’s vitreous humour | Eye |
| A saccade best uses the properties of the fovea, a depression in this organ, by moving this organ constantly using six muscles while it is contained within the orbit | Eye |
| name this organ containing the retina, iris, and lens and which enables sight. | Eye |
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives neural signals from this organ | Eye |
| Most holometabolous larvae have the stemma form of this organ, while their adults might have ocelli | Eye |
| Ommatidia are present in this organ of the mantis shrimp, which can perform (*) spectral tuning, adapting to its environment. | Eye |
| Trilobites had calcite crystals in these organs, of which they had the compound type; other kinds include the reflector and ones with refractive corneas | Eye |
| Evolved from patches of light-sensitive cells are – for ten points – what organ of sight? | Eye |
| The muscles around this organ are only fast-twitch fibers. | Eye |
| In galactosemia, galactose is reduced to galactitol in one part of this organ that is supported by two suspensory ligaments called zonule fibers | Eye |
| Mutations in the RB gene can cause cancers of this organ in kids. | Eye |
| The sympathetic nervous system, when activated, (*) dilates a circular part of this organ, which has a limit of resolution of 0.1 nanometers | Eye |
| Lysozyme produced by the lacrimal glands cleans the surface of the sclera on this organ. | Eye |
| Hyaluronic acid is a major part of the vitreous humor of this organ, which has rods and cones in its retina. | Eye |
| name this organ that senses light. | Eye |
| In the human body, the movement of this structure is governed by six muscles, which include the medial rectus and the superior oblique; when these muscles do not work together properly, the result is a condition known as strabismus | Eye |
| This organ is covered by three layers of tissue; the middle vascular layer is called the choroid and lies just underneath the sclera | Eye |
| Much of the volume of this organ is filled with a watery fluid known as the aqueous humor. | Eye |
| identify this organ, in which a pigmented membrane called the iris allows light to enter through an opening called the pupil. | Eye |
| In arthropods, this structure is composed of multiple ommatidia. | Eye |
| Crystallins are responsible for the transparency of a part of this structure that is controlled by the ciliary muscles. In reptiles, it is covered by the nictitating membrane. | Eye |
| The most basal organisms to possess a homologue of it are the euglenids, which use chromophores rather than rhodopsins | Eye |
| A scotopic process in this organ occurs mostly in cells outside the macula. | Eye |
| In cephalopods, this organ is polarization-sensitive, and the nerve that receives sensation from it lies behind the rods and cones, eliminating the blind spot | Eye |
| identify this organ whose retina detects photons, enabling vision. | Eye |
| Alfred Knudson studied a tumor-suppressor gene expressed in this structure while developing his two-hit hypothesis | retina |
| Drusen occurs when lipids build up between Bruch’s membrane and this structure’s pigmented epithelium | retina |
| In vertebrates, this structure is “inverted” because the capillaries are at the front. | retina |
| Cells in this structure contain the G protein-coupled receptor (*) rhodopsin, which uses a Vitamin A-derived cofactor | retina |
| The axons of this structure’s ganglion cells form the optic nerve. The highly sensitive fovea sits at the center of this structure’s macula | retina |
| name this layer at the back of the eye that contains rods and cones. | retina |
| This structure provides the alternative name to p107 and p130, a pair of “pocket proteins” that form a repressor complex | retina |
| A protein partly named for this structure binds to and inhibits E2F dimers, preventing the transition from the G1 (“G-one”) to S phase, and is itself inhibited by HPV’s E7 protein | retina |
| Alfred Knudson’s studies of a gene named for this structure determined that it required two inactivating mutations, or “hits,” to lose its (*) anti-oncogenic function. | retina |
| A mutation in a tumor suppressor named for this structure causes a common pediatric blastoma | retina |
| Cells located in this structure synapse with the M and P cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus | retina |
| This structure relays signals from amacrine to ganglion cells, which form part of cranial nerve II. | retina |
| For 10 points, identify this structure whose cone-rich macula enables color vision. | retina |
| Ischemia of this structure may cause temporary amaurosis, which is a main symptom of the disease LCA | retina |
| Transducin is activated when a compound named for this structure isomerizes from its 11-cis to all-trans form when energized. | retina |
| Conditions that affect this structure include a namesake “pigmentosa” of it and another which causes an often age-related (*) “degeneration” of one of its components | retina |
| The choroid is situated between this structure and the sclera. The optical disc juts into this structure and causes part of it to lack photoreceptor cells, thus creating a “blind spot. | retina |
| the fovea is at the center of what structure, a layer of rods and cones at the back of the eye? | retina |
| For studying the lateral inhibitory effect of this structure in horseshoe crabs, Keffer Hartline won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | retina |
| White blood cells passing through the capillaries of this structure can cause Scheerer’s blue field phenomenon | retina |
| Tay-Sachs disease can be characterized by a cherry red (*) spot in this structure | retina |
| This structure’s inner plexiform contains synapses between amacrine and bi·polar cells which relay information to this structure’s ganglion cells. | retina |
| This structure’s sensitive regions are the macula and fovea | retina |
| name this layer of tissue made up of rod and cone photoreceptor cells that connects the eye to the optic nerve. | retina |
| Mutations in FZD4, LRP5, or NDP can cause a genetic disease in which this structure shows exudates | retina |
| Occlusion of its namesake vein creates a “blood and thunder” appearance | retina |
| Atherosclerotic patients can have Hollenhorst plaques in the vessels found in this structure, which can cause amaurosis fugax. | retina |
| Ischemia (is-KEE-mi-a) in this structure shows up as cotton-wool spots | retina |
| A lack of red reflex, or leukocoria, in children is indicative of a (*) tumor of this structure, caused by mutations in RB. | retina |
| The choroid provides oxygen to the outer layers of this structure, which contains glia called Mueller cells. | retina |
| In this structure, bipolar cells communicate with ganglion cells. | retina |
| The fovea contains the densest concentration of cone cells in this structure. For 10 points, name this thin layer of photoreceptors at the back of the eye. | retina |
| Some cells in this structure can become hyperpolarized when the activation of the G-protein transducin triggers phospho-di-ester-ase to cleave cGMP | retina |
| This structure contains amacrine cells in its inner plexiform layer, and many of its cells are supported by Müller glia. | retina |
| A compound named for this structure can photo-isomerize from the 11-cis state to an all-trans state. | retina |
| Bipolar cells in this structure transmit signals to ganglion cells. | retina |
| This structure lies right on top of the choroid and the sclera, and this structure’s macula lutea contains the fovea at its center | retina |
| name this structure made of rod and cone cells, onto which the lens of the eye focuses light. | retina |
| People with hypertension show flame hemorrhages in this structure | retina |
| A certain cell in this structure has two segments unusually connected by a single cilium | retina |
| The absence of a red reflex can indicate a tumor of this structure, caused by deletions in the RB gene | retina |
| Christina Enroth-Cugell discovered that X-type cells in this structure have a linear receptive field but Y-type cells do not | retina |
| A tumor-suppressing protein named for a cancer of this structure segregates E2F to restrict cell division | retina |
| A GPCR found in this structure is activated when its receptor undergoes a cis-trans isomerization, ultimately causing the degradation of cyclic GMP. | retina |
| Muller cells make up this structure’s basement membrane, and ciliary bodies are continuous with its epithelium | retina |
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives signals from this structure’s bipolar and amacrine cells | retina |
| Rhodopsin is found in this structure. The fovea is located at its center. | retina |
| name this structure which contains rods and cones, the photosensitive region of the human eye. | retina |
| In diabetic and hypertensive patients, this structure can develop characteristic dot and blot-hemorrhages from edema caused by excessive activation of polyol pathways | retina |
| The “rubber band theory” is a metaphor for describing how this structure is held in place | retina |
| This structure’s inner nuclear layer contains interneurons like bipolar and (*) amacrine cells | retina |
| Occlusion of the central artery behind this structure leads to a visible cherry-red spot on its yellow inner area in Tay-Sachs disease. | retina |
| Inadequate blood flow to this structure from the choroid leads to increased pressure outside. | retina |
| The central region of this structure contains the fovea and the highest concentration of cones. | retina |
| name this light-sensitive area that includes the macula, the inner lining of the eye. | retina |
| One protein that is located within these structures binds intracellularly to the Gt GPCR, which causes hyperpolarization of the cell | retina |
| The activity of that protein in these structures is attenuated by arrestin when it has been activated for too long, and that protein in these structures has a molecule of 11-cis retinol, which is derived from Vitamin A | retina |
| These structures house the (*) purple protein rhodopsin. | retina |
| This structure contains most cells that are exposed to compounds like thaumatin or denatonium to test the“labeled-line” and “across-fiber” models | Tongue |
| Like intestinal tuft cells, type II cells on this structure transduce signals with the G-protein alpha-subunit GNAT3 and TRPM5 | Tongue |
| The apical sides of circumvallate and foliate protrusions on this structure express CD36, a long-chain receptor. | Tongue |
| It is a myth that a single allele allows this structure’s manipulation by the four intrinsic muscles | Tongue |
| It’s not the neck, but ODTs may be administered below this structure, whose fat exacerbates sleep apnea. | Tongue |
| The styloglossus retracts this structure, whose papillae express sensory receptors for compounds like aspartame and monosodium glutamate. | Tongue |
| what organ senses umami and bitter with thousands of taste buds? | Tongue |
| A “geographic” pattern of patches can appear on this organ due to leukoplakia | Tongue |
| This organ’s frenulum is tied to another body part in ankyloglossia, and a protruding one is symptomatic of (*) Down syndrome. | Tongue |
| It is not a tail, but chameleons possess a prehensile one of these organs that is covered in spiny papillae to assist cats with grooming. | Tongue |
| Sublingual salivary glands and taste buds are associated with, for 10 points, which muscular organ inside the mouth? | Tongue |
| The inferior longitudinal muscle lowers the tip of this structure and originates at the hyoid bone | Tongue |
| That muscle can also help this structure assume a grooved shape to produce sibilants | Tongue |
| Many Dravidian languages have retroflex sounds, in which this structure (*) curls backwards | Tongue |
| This structure’s namesake “tie” may prevent children from producing sounds like “th”, where this muscular hydrostat is placed between the teeth. | Tongue |
| For 10 points, name this organ in the mouth used for chewing and speech, which can colloquially “slip” during speech errors. | Tongue |
| This structure is innervated by cranial nerves VII(seven) and IX(nine), while the muscles associated with it are controlled by cranial nerve XII (twelve) | Tongue |
| The chemical menthol falsely triggers TRPM8 receptors on this organ, leading to a cooling sensation | Tongue |
| That sensation is similar to the more commonly known chemical (*) capsaicin, which produces a sensation of heat on this organ. | Tongue |
| Contrary to popular belief, there is no regional concentration of certain “buds” found on this organ | Tongue |
| For 10 points, identify this sensory organ, which recognizes the five flavors of sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. | Tongue |
| The corticobulbar tract innervates the hypoglossal nerve, which, in turn, innervates most of the muscles of this organ. | Tongue |
| Umami receptor cells are located on this organ, which is equipped with taste buds on its surface. | Tongue |
| An abnormality in the shape of the frenulum that anchors this organ causes ankyloglossia. | Tongue |
| The hypoglossal nerve is known for being related to this part of the body. | Tongue |
| This organ is innervated by the lingual and facial nerves and contains the hyoglossus and styloglossus muscles | Tongue |
| The organ of Zuckerkandl originates from this organ and is a site of pheochromocytoma [“fee-oh-chrom-sigh-toma”], a tumor of chromaffin cells in this organ. | adrenal glands |
| Stimulation by ACTH [“A-C-T-H”] increases the production of one hormone in the zona fasciculata [“fuh-SICK-you-law-tuh”] of this organ. | adrenal glands |
| Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of (*) aldosterone in the zona glomerulosa of this structure. | adrenal glands |
| The medulla of this organ secretes catecholamines [“cat-eh-coal-uh-mines”] and its cortex secretes compounds such as cortisol. | adrenal glands |
| A hormone produced by this organ induces the fight-or-flight response. | adrenal glands |
| name this gland that secretes epinephrine and is located above the kidneys. | adrenal glands |
| Cancers of this organ can present as an elevated concentration of vanill·yl·mandelic acid in the urine | adrenal glands |
| Advanced meningococcal infection can cause this organ to shut down from internal bleeding in Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. | adrenal glands |
| The PC12 neural crest cell line is derived from PCCs in this organ and responds to the application of dexamethasone | adrenal glands |
| This organ can fail to produce the otherwise extremely common (*) dehydro·epi·androsterone-sulfate when stimulated with ACTH. | adrenal glands |
| That failure results from damage to this organ’s cortex, which also produces steroid hormones | adrenal glands |
| Addison’s disease occurs when this organ is unable to produce the glucocorticoid cortisol | adrenal glands |
| name these endocrine organs that sit atop the kidneys and produce epinephrine. | adrenal glands |
| A primate-exclusive process that often precedes pubarche is characterized by this organ's increased secretion of DHEA-S and DHEA | adrenal glands |
| One layer of this organ is highly sensitive to extracellular concentrations of angiotensin II | adrenal glands |
| That region, which is called the zona glomerulosa, secretes aldosterone | adrenal glands |
| This organ may be afflicted with Addison’s disease. | adrenal glands |
| The (*) medulla of this organ secretes catecholamines [[“cat-uh-coal-uh- means”]], while its cortex secretes mineralocorticoids [[“minerAL-o-core-te-coids”]] and glucocorticoids such as cortisol | adrenal glands |
| For 10 points, name these two endocrine glands that sit atop the kidneys and produce epinephrine for the fight or flight response. | adrenal glands |
| Cells normally found in this organ make up the organ of Zuckerkandl, and Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome causes this organ to fail | adrenal glands |
| High levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate indicate congenital hyperplasia of this organ | adrenal glands |
| A type of tumor in this organ originates from chromaffin cells and is called a (*) pheochromocytoma. | adrenal glands |
| Angiotensin II stimulates secretion of aldosterone in this structure | adrenal glands |
| One portion of this organ contains the zona reticularis and the zona glomerulosa, the former of which produces androgens | adrenal glands |
| The medulla is a region found in this organ | adrenal glands |
| name these glands located on top of the kidneys that secrete catecholamines such as norepinephrine and epinephrine to regulate a “fight or flight” response. | adrenal glands |
| The enzyme phenylethanolamine [phenyl eth-uh-NOL-uh-meen] N-methyl-transferase is primarily found in this structure, which is affected by pheochromocytomas | adrenal glands |
| Beta blockers inhibit the effects of a compound produced in this structure. | adrenal glands |
| The outer portion of this part of the endocrine system has a layer called the zona fasciculata | adrenal glands |
| Aldosterone and the two main hormones in the fight-or-flight response are produced in these glands, which are found above the kidneys | adrenal glands |
| name these glands that produce the hormone epinephrine, which is also called adrenaline. | adrenal glands |
| Though rarely cancerous, Pheochromocytoma can develop in part of this organ. | adrenal glands |
| One hormone is produced by this organ in its zona fasciculata and starts gluconeogenesis | adrenal glands |
| Overproduction of certain hormones in this organ can lead to Cushing’s syndrome, and insufficient production of that hormone can cause Addison’s disease. | adrenal glands |
| This organ is located below the diaphragm | adrenal glands |
| The outer part of this organ is called the cortex, and the inner part is referred to as the medulla | adrenal glands |
| name this organ that produces cortisol and sits atop of the kidneys. | adrenal glands |
| , name this organ that produces cortisol and sits atop of the kidneys. | adrenal glands |
| In the short synacthen test, this organ’s zona fasciculata is stimulated by exogenous (*) ACTH. | adrenal glands |
| That test is used to diagnose the insufficiency of this organ called Addison’s disease, which occurs when this organ’s cortex stops producing cortisol. | adrenal glands |
| name these paired organs that sit atop the kidneys whose medullas release a namesake hormone also known as epinephrine. | adrenal glands |
| This is the only organ in the body innervated directly by presynaptic autonomic fibres. One enzyme found in this organ is 11β-hydroxylase | adrenal glands |
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome concerns the failure of this organ | adrenal glands |
| Increased activity of this organ can cause Conn’s syndrome, and tumours commonly located at this organ are called pheochromocytomas | adrenal glands |
| The outermost layer of this organ is divided into the zona reticularis, zona fasciculata and zona glomerulosa | adrenal glands |
| A lack of production from this organ can cause Addison’s disease | adrenal glands |
| Cortisol and epinephrine are secreted from, for 10 points, what glands comprised located above the kidneys? | adrenal glands |
| It’s not in the brain, but this structure secretes a hormone which is combined with cocaine to produce a mixture used in ENT surgery known as Moffett’s solution. | adrenal glands |
| Excess secretion of a hormone produced in this structure leads to high blood pressure and is known as Conn’s syndrome. | adrenal glands |
| The renin–angiotensin pathway ultimately results in secretion of aldosterone from this structure | adrenal glands |
| One disease of these structures, stemming from a deficiency in CRH or ACTH, leads to a deficiency in cortisol and is known as Addison’s disease | adrenal glands |
| A hormone produced by this structure induces the fight-or-flight response | adrenal glands |
| name these glands that produce adrenaline and are found on top of the kidneys. | adrenal glands |
| The aorta often features a cluster of cells normally found in this structure called the organ of Zuckerkandl | adrenal glands |
| Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes methylation of a hormone released by this structure derived from dopamine | adrenal glands |
| Simple virilizing and salt-wasting forms of a hyperplasia of this gland result from deficient 21-hydroxylase activity in its zona fasciculata | adrenal glands |
| Pheochromocytomas originate from this structure's chromaffin cells | adrenal glands |
| The outermost portion of this structure produces mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone | adrenal glands |
| Its medulla secretes catecholamines, and ACTH triggers its cortex to produce cortisol | adrenal glands |
| For 10 points, name this gland that produces epinephrine and is found on top of the kidney. | adrenal glands |
| Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase is specific to this organ. | adrenal glands |
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome causes this organ to fail, and pheochromocytomas localize to it. | adrenal glands |
| Propranolol inhibits receptors named for this organ. | adrenal glands |
| This organ, which contains the zonas reticularis, fasisculata, and glomerulosa, is hyperactive from an excess of (*) ACTH in patients with Addison's disease. | adrenal glands |
| It is divided into the outer cortex and inner medulla | adrenal glands |
| This organ makes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and in addition, its chromaffin cells produce hormones in the "fight or flight" response. | adrenal glands |
| name these glands that sit above the kidneys, which secrete a hormone also known as epinephrine. | adrenal glands |
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is the failure of this structure caused by hemorrhagic bacterial infection | adrenal glands |
| The neural crest derived cells of this structure are directly innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons and the arteries supplying this structure are the only ones in the splanchnic bed to dilate during stress | adrenal glands |
| The cortex of this organ has a fetal zone that regresses in neonatal life and its zona fasciculata produces cortisol in the adult | adrenal glands |
| name these paired endocrine organs that release catecholamines and sit atop the kidneys. | adrenal glands |
| A tumor of this organ common in children produces increased homovanillic acid and can be caused by amplification of N-myc, and these organs are enlarged in 21-hydroxylase deficiency. | adrenal glands |
| Overactive tumors in one section of this organ cause Conn's syndrome | adrenal glands |
| One section of these organs contains three layers, called the zona reticularis, zona glomerulosa, and zona fasciculata | adrenal glands |
| One section of these organs secretes a hormone that increases secretion of potassium and whose release is stimulated by angiotensin II. | adrenal glands |
| Another section of these organs secretes catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine | adrenal glands |
| name these paired glands that contain a cortex and a medulla and are located on top of the kidneys. | adrenal glands |
| Some cells in this tissue contain the MC2 cell-surface receptor; those cells are mainly found in the zona fasciculata of this tissue | adrenal glands |
| This tissue has an outer part that is mesodermal in origin and an inner part that is derived from ectodermal neural crest cells | adrenal glands |
| Pheochromocytomas are tumors of this gland. | adrenal glands |
| The insufficient production of a hormone by this gland is termed (*) Addison’s disease, while the overproduction of that same hormone causes Cushing’s disease | adrenal glands |
| The core of this gland is the medulla, and it produces cortisol and a hormone responsible for “fight or flight.” | adrenal glands |
| name this endocrine gland which sits above the kidneys and produces epinephrine. | adrenal glands |
| One disease of this structure is tested for by administering synthetic tetracosactide, and another disorder is marked by a swelling of the face, high blood sugar, and skin acne | adrenal glands |
| This structure has zona reticularis and zona fasciculata regions, the latter of which is stimulated by ACTH | adrenal glands |
| Its overactivity causes Cushing’s syndrome, a result of high levels of a stress hormone. | adrenal glands |
| Its chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines, while its cortex releases corticosteroids | adrenal glands |
| name this pair of endocrine glands that secrete aldosterone, cortisol, and epinephrine, named for its location above the kidneys. | adrenal glands |
| This organ’s namesake middle artery originates between the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery on the aorta | adrenal glands |
| A deficiency in the enzyme 21-hydroxylase can lead to congenital hyperplasia of this organ, which is the only tissue to receive direct innervation from the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve | adrenal glands |
| Its innermost region contains chromaffin cells, and lies deep to the zona reticularis. | adrenal glands |
| This organ’s zona glomerulosa is primarily regulated by angiotensin II, and excess stimulation of its (*) zona fasciculata can lead to a disorder with the classic symptoms of acanthosis nigricans, central adiposity, and moon facies, known as Cushing’s syn | adrenal glands |
| These structures are not symmetrical, as the right one is shaped like a pyramid and the left one has a semilunar shape | adrenal glands |
| TPO is an enzyme that is expressed in this organ | thyroid gland |
| A substance named after Jean Lugol is historically used to treat overactivity of this organ in an example of the Plummer effect. | thyroid gland |
| That effect helps explain why the administration of amiodarone (ah-me-oh-DAH-rohn) can cause irregular activity by this organ | thyroid gland |
| A failure of this organ can cause a myxedema coma | thyroid gland |
| An autoimmune disease that destroys this organ creates Hürthle cells, while thiamazole is used to treat a different autoimmune disease that causes overactivity of this organ that leads to bulging eyes | thyroid gland |
| Those diseases of this organ, which cause a dangerously low or high basal metabolic rate, are respectively Hashimoto's disease and Graves's disease. | thyroid gland |
| A certain dietary deficiency can lead to the formation of a goiter in this organ. | thyroid gland |
| name this gland located on the neck that requires iodine | thyroid gland |
| Several diseases of this organ present Hürthle (“hurth-lee”) cells, which can nearly exclusively only have mitochondria. | thyroid gland |
| One molecule produced by this organ is formed from the cleaving of CALC1 (“calc-one”) protein; that molecule functions to inhibit osteoclast activity, decreasing blood calcium levels | thyroid gland |
| Yersinia enterocolitica and the Epstein-Barr virus are thought to trigger (*) Grave’s Disease, an autoimmune disease of this organ | thyroid gland |
| This organ names a class of two hormones abbreviated T3 (“tee-three”) and T4 | thyroid gland |
| Goiter results from the enlargement of this organ, largely due to iodine deficiencies, is why many countries mandate salt be iodized | thyroid gland |
| name this butterfly-shaped organ in the neck that secretes calcitonin and thyroxine. | thyroid gland |
| This organ is composed of follicular cells and parafollicular cells | thyroid gland |
| Autoimmune diseases of this organ can be treated using propylthiouracil | thyroid gland |
| This organ reduces levels of calcium in the bloodstream by secreting calcitonin. | thyroid gland |
| This organ names tyrosine-derived hormones whose release is signaled by TSH | thyroid gland |
| Antibodies attack this organ in Hashimoto’s disease | thyroid gland |
| This organ’s activity is elevated in Graves’ disease | thyroid gland |
| This butterfly-shaped gland is swollen in patients with a goiter | thyroid gland |
| For 10 points, name this gland in the neck that regulates metabolism and whose function depends on iodine. | thyroid gland |
| It’s not related to uterine cancer, but a disease in pregnant women in which this organ is overactivated by beta-HCG is termed GTT | thyroid gland |
| Over half of the ovaries’ mass is made of tissue similar to that of this organ in struma ovarii. | ]thyroid gland |
| Diseases of this organ may be indicated by Hürthle (“HEERT-luh”) cells. | thyroid gland |
| PTU is preferred to methimazole to treat a disease of this organ during the first trimester | thyroid gland |
| A disease of this organ can cause pretibial myxedema (“mix-uh-DEE-ma”), in which skin above the shin takes on a red-orange inflamed appearance, as well as a namesake orbitopathy, in which the patient’s eyes bulge out | thyroid gland |
| Cancer of this organ can be treated with radioactive iodine therapy if levels of TSH are high enough | thyroid gland |
| This organ is hyperactive in Graves’ disease, and it becomes swollen in a goiter | thyroid gland |
| This organ is hyperactive in Graves’ disease, and it becomes swollen in a goiter | thyroid gland |
| Overactivity of this organ is treated with the administration of PTU, which blocks this organ’s namesake peroxidase | thyroid gland |
| An autoimmune disorder that leads to the activation of cytotoxic T-cells against this organ is named for (*) Hashimoto | thyroid gland |
| The underactivity of this organ causes cretinism. | thyroid gland |
| Target tissues of this gland convert its hormone to a more active form through the removal of an atom of iodine, the deficiency of which may cause goiter | thyroid gland |
| name this gland in the neck which secretes thyroxine and calcitonin. | thyroid gland |
| In this organ, a translocation that creates a fusion protein between PAX8 [pax-eight] and PPAR-gamma [P-par-gamma] is characteristic of one of its malignant cancers. | thyroid gland |
| This organ’s tissue can develop in the ovaries as struma ovarii | thyroid gland |
| This organ can be treated with PTU and another drug that uses the Wolff–Chaikoff effect to treat its namesake “storm.” | thyroid gland |
| A disease of this organ causes overproduction of GAGs [gags] by retro orbital fibroblasts, causing exophthalmos, or bulging of the (*) eyes. | thyroid gland |
| Parafollicular cells in this organ respond to high blood calcium by producing calcitonin. | thyroid gland |
| It can be destroyed using radioactive iodine-131, and it is affected by autoimmune diseases named for Hashimoto and Graves. | thyroid gland |
| what gland in the neck produces T3 and T4, its namesake hormones? | thyroid gland |
| This gland may have an extra lobe called Lalouette pyramid. | thyroid gland |
| The two main hormones this gland produces are both derivatives of tyrosine | thyroid gland |
| PTH opposes the action of one of the hormones it produces, calcitonin | thyroid gland |
| Underactivity in this gland in utero can cause (*) Hashimoto’s disease, while overactivity can cause Grave’s disease | thyroid gland |
| This gland’s namesake cartilage is the "Adam's apple." | thyroid gland |
| It’s not the ear or kidney, but the transport proteins pendrin and NIS are located in this organ | thyroid gland |
| Uncommon cancers of this organ include Hürthle cell carcinoma and a “medullary” carcinoma | thyroid gland |
| A peroxidase named for this organ creates modified tyrosine residues and can be inhibited by propylthiouracil or methimazole | thyroid gland |
| People with low function of this organ are treated with (*) Synthroid | thyroid gland |
| One autoimmune disorder of this organ often presents with inflamed and bulging eyeballs | thyroid gland |
| Patients with Down syndrome often overproduce TSH to compensate for this gland’s underproduction of T3 and T4 | thyroid gland |
| Enlargement of this gland due to an iodine deficiency is called goiter | thyroid gland |
| name this endocrine gland in the neck. | thyroid gland |
| The NADPH oxidases DUOX1 and DUOX2 were first characterized in this gland for their role in making hydrogen peroxide | thyroid gland |
| Anaplastic cancer of this gland is always diagnosed at stage IV | thyroid gland |
| Propylthiouracil and methimazole inhibit a peroxidase that helps synthesize two tyrosine-based hormones made by this gland | thyroid gland |
| In some people, this gland has a third lobe, which is known as Lalouette’s pyramid. | thyroid gland |
| Autoimmune disorders of this gland include (*) Hashimoto’s disease and Graves’ disease | thyroid gland |
| This gland has follicles, follicular cells, and parafollicular cells, the last of which secrete calcitonin | thyroid gland |
| This gland is stimulated by TSH from the anterior pituitary | thyroid gland |
| Two hormones made by this gland require iodine, so iodine deficiency can cause enlargement known as goiter. | thyroid gland |
| name this endocrine gland around the base of the neck. | thyroid gland |
| Hurthle cells can be indicative of either cancer of this organ or an autoimmune disease named for a Japanese physician. | thyroid gland |
| The parafollicular cells of this organ release a hormone that counteracts PTH by lowering blood calcium levels | thyroid gland |
| A disease of this organ can be indicated by low levels of TSH and (*) eye-popping. | thyroid gland |
| Grave’s disease results in this organ’s overproduction of T3 and T4, and this organ enlarges into a goitre if the body is deficient in iodine. | thyroid gland |
| name this butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck. | thyroid gland |
| One carcinoma of this organ shows characteristic Little Orphan Annie nuclei and psammoma bodies | thyroid gland |
| One condition that affects this organ is treated using a pair of drugs that carry a high risk of depleting all granulocytes, called methimazole or propylthiouracil | thyroid gland |
| When one product of this organ is under-produced, mucopolysaccharides are deposited in the skin, causing myxedema | thyroid gland |
| C cells in this organ produce a substance that opposes PTH called calcitonin, and diseases that affect this organ include Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s disease | thyroid gland |
| This organ is acted upon by TSH, and it secretes T3 and T4 | thyroid gland |
| Name this organ, found below the Adam’s apple that can form goiters due to iodine deficiency. | thyroid gland |
| One severe disorder affecting this gland is called myxedema coma, and a severe overproduction of hormone here results in its namesake "storm." | thyroid gland |
| One way to calm an overproduction of hormone here is by creating a Wolff-Chaikoff block using an overabundance of a necessary ion, and that overproduction most notably results in a protrusion of the eyeballs. | thyroid gland |
| what gland affected by diseases like Plummer's, Hashimoto's, and Grave's disease and requires iodine to synthesize its namesake hormone? | thyroid gland |
| The functional units of this organ contain a glycoprotein-rich substance known as colloid. | thyroid gland |
| This organ’s namesake isthmus connects the lower portions of its two lobes | thyroid gland |
| A set of four organs that lie behind this larger organ release a hormone that allow osteoclasts to reabsorb bone mineral and thus allows calcium to enter the blood stream | thyroid gland |
| One disease of this organ results in severely bulging eyes. | thyroid gland |
| Autoimmune disorders of this gland include Hashimoto’s and Graves diseases. | thyroid gland |
| Rates of metabolism are affected by the T3 and T4 hormones released by this gland. | thyroid gland |
| name this endocrine gland located in the neck that can swell into a goiter. | thyroid gland |
| An autoimmune disease involving antibodies against this structure's namesake peroxidase causes destruction of its follicles and is named for Hashimoto. | thyroid gland |
| Most of it is located below the cricoid cartilage, but it also extends up the sides. | thyroid gland |
| PTH opposes the action of one of the hormones it produces, and iodine and tyrosine are required to produce two others | thyroid gland |
| Deficiency of those two hormones, which are named for it, is known as cretinism in young children | thyroid gland |
| The third hormone, calcitonin, is involved in blood calcium homeostasis | thyroid gland |
| name this butterfly-shaped gland in the lower neck which is enlarged in Graves' disease, creating goiter. | thyroid gland |
| One population of cells in this organ contains D2 receptors that respond to the tubero·infundibular pathway. | Pituitary gland |
| This organ rests in the inferior sella turcica. | Pituitary gland |
| Craniopharyngiomas (“cranio-fuh-RIN-jee-OH-muhs”) and adenomas (“add-uh-NOH-muhs”) of this organ can cause bi·temporal hemi·anopsia by pressing on the optic chiasm | Pituitary gland |
| The axon terminals of magnocellular secretory cells lie in one portion of this organ | Pituitary gland |
| The hypophyseal portal system transports molecules form the arcuate (“AR-kew-ayt”) nucleus to the (*) anterior portion of this organ. | Pituitary gland |
| Damage to this organ causes the central form of diabetes insipidus | Pituitary gland |
| This organ’s anterior portion secretes A·C·T·H, L·H, and F·S·H, and its posterior portion secretes oxytocin and vasopressin | Pituitary gland |
| name this master endocrine gland that hangs below the hypothalamus. | Pituitary gland |
| This organ is developed from Rathke’s pouch and is located in the sella turcica. | Pituitary gland |
| When certain chemical substances are at abnormal concentrations in this organ, one may develop Sheehan’s syndrome. | Pituitary gland |
| This organ secretes vasopressin, an (*) antidiuretic hormone which helps to control water in the body. | Pituitary gland |
| This gland also produces oxytocin, which helps induce labor contractions and breastfeeding | Pituitary gland |
| name this “master gland” located at the base of the brain that also secretes growth hormone. | Pituitary gland |
| Sheehan syndrome is a condition affecting this structure due to hemorrhaging during childbirth, which is located within the sphenoid bone | Pituitary gland |
| Acromegaly can result from an overproduction of growth hormone from this organ, while another disease in this organ results from an underproduction of (*) vasopressin | Pituitary gland |
| Diabetes insipidus is caused by a malfunction in this organ which secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone from its anterior lobe and oxytocin from its posterior lobe. | Pituitary gland |
| name this gland located below the hypothalamus, which secretes antidiuretic hormone and growth hormone and is described as the “master gland.” | Pituitary gland |
| The anterior lobe of this organ secretes the protein prolactin which controls lactation | Pituitary gland |
| The posterior lobe of this organ is made of axons that store and release hormones such as vasopressin and oxytocin | Pituitary gland |
| This gland is controlled by signals from the neighboring hypothalamus and releases growth hormone | Pituitary gland |
| name this gland situated at the base of the brain that is the “master gland” of the endocrine system. | Pituitary gland |
| The products of magnocellular neurons are stored in this organ. | Pituitary gland |
| This structure is in the middle of an “axis” activated by stress | Pituitary gland |
| It's located at the base of the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone | Pituitary gland |
| It's located at the base of the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone | Pituitary gland |
| Somatotropic cells in this organ are activated an hour after the onset of sleep | Pituitary gland |
| A tumor on it leads to Cushing’s disease due to an excess of (*) cortisol in the body | Pituitary gland |
| The posterior portion of this organ stores oxytocin and prolactin | Pituitary gland |
| This structure regulates ovulation by secretion of FSH and LH after it is activated by GNRH | Pituitary gland |
| It also releases ADH and growth hormone upon stimulation by the hypothalamus | Pituitary gland |
| name this gland at the base of the brain. | Pituitary gland |
| Abnormal levels of chemicals produced by this organ can result in Sheehan’s syndrome and diabetes insipidus. | Pituitary gland |
| In embryos, part of this structure forms from a depression in the roof of the mouth called Rathke’s Pouch | Pituitary gland |
| This organ is separated into the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis, the latter of which produces endorphins in addition to gonadotropins like luteinizing hormone and (*) follicle-stimulating hormone | Pituitary gland |
| Childbirth and breastfeeding are regulated by the oxytocin produced by the posterior lobe of this gland | Pituitary gland |
| Antidiuretic hormone and growth hormone are secreted by, for 10 points, what “master” endocrine gland situated below the hypothalamus? | Pituitary gland |
| This organ develops from the remains of Rathke’s pouch, and Sheehan’s syndrome leads to a decrease in the functionality of this organ in women who have recently given birth | Pituitary gland |
| This organ stores vasopressin, and one disorder in this organ known as acromegaly results from the overproduction of a certain chemical | Pituitary gland |
| This organ releases a chemical known for the positive feedback loop it creates during uterine contractions, and this organ produces oxytocin in its posterior lobe, which is separated from its anterior lobe. | Pituitary gland |
| name this endocrine gland, the “master gland” at the base of the brain responsible for growth hormones. | Pituitary gland |
| One part of this organ is affected by Gagel’s granuloma, which is a form of Histiocytosis X. | Pituitary gland |
| Tumors of this organ can be diagnosed by inferior petrosal sampling and are removed by trans-sphenoidal resection | Pituitary gland |
| Craniopharyngiomas of this organ may spontaneously bleed to cause apoplexy. | Pituitary gland |
| One section of this organ expresses proopiomelanocortin, which is the precursor to several forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone | Pituitary gland |
| Another product of this organ (*) spikes at ovulation | Pituitary gland |
| This organ, which secretes TSH and ACTH from its anterior lobe and oxytocin from its posterior lobe, responds to signals from the hypothalamus. | Pituitary gland |
| name this gland in the skull that controls several other parts of the endocrine system. | Pituitary gland |
| This structure is located in the sella turcica and is the site of intermedin synthesis. | Pituitary gland |
| The pars distalis and pars tuberalis are part of the adeno- section of this organ | Pituitary gland |
| This organ receives secretions from the paraventricular nucleus, and one of its functions is promoted by GnRH | Pituitary gland |
| A malfunction of its (*) neurohypophysis can lead to diabetes insipidus, which is caused by insufficient release of vasopressin from it | Pituitary gland |
| This organ is divided into anterior and posterior sections and located under the hypothalamus. | Pituitary gland |
| Responsible for the secretion of ADH and oxytocin, for 10 points, name this endocrine gland that is important in homeostasis and sex development. | Pituitary gland |
| Sheehan's syndrome is the postpartum necrosis of this structure, one portion of which originates from Rathke's pouch. | Pituitary gland |
| Excessive secretion of one hormone by this structure causes acromegaly. | Pituitary gland |
| One hormone stored in this structure stimulates uterine contractions during labor, and another hormone secreted by this structure stimulates milk secretion | Pituitary gland |
| This gland is part of the HPA axis, and it is connected to the hypothalamus by the hypophyseal [hi-pof-uh-SEE-al] portal system | Pituitary gland |
| name this endocrine gland divided into anterior and posterior lobes that secretes growth hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, FSH, LH, and many other hormones. | Pituitary gland |
| A pharyngobasilar deformation of this organ occurs when Rathke's pouch does not lose its connection to other tissues until the sella turcica. | Pituitary gland |
| In women who have just given birth, Sheehan's syndrome disrupts function in one portion of this organ | Pituitary gland |
| Vision loss and atypical breast milk production can result when a prolactinoma tumor forms on this organ, which is connected to a nearby structure via the infundibular stalk | Pituitary gland |
| Diabetes (*) insipidus can result from underproduction of one substance in this organ, which can cause acromegaly when it overproduces growth hormone | Pituitary gland |
| The anterior portion of this organ produces ACTH and FSH, and the posterior portion produces oxytocin | Pituitary gland |
| name this endocrine gland situated under the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, often described as the “master gland | Pituitary gland |
| During embryogenesis, part of this organ results from Rathke’s pouch, and Sheehan’s syndrome is underproduction in it | Pituitary gland |
| It is covered by a small fold called the diaphragma sellae and resides in the sella turcica beneath the hypothalamus | Pituitary gland |
| A cleft-like structure sometimes remains in Rathke’s pouch which forms its pars tubullaris and pars distillaris, and infarction of this organ occurring during pregnancies is known as Sheehan’s syndrome. | Pituitary gland |
| It is situated in a depression in the sphenoid bone called sella turcica. | Pituitary gland |
| Sheehan’s syndrome results from postpartum necrosis in this organ, which is guarded by the bony sella turcica. One part of this organ develops from Rathke’s pouch, which proliferates into the pars distillaris, tubullaris, and intermedia | Pituitary gland |
| Its intermediate lobe secretes a substance that is responsible for regulating melanin production | Pituitary gland |
| Another part of it is served by the hypophyseal portal system, and its other major component contains the axons of the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus. | Pituitary gland |
| Consisting of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, aka the anterior and posterior lobe, For 10 points, name this major gland that secretes, among other things, ADH, FSH, LH, prolactin, and growth hormone. | Pituitary gland |
| This organ’s most common cancer, the ductal adenocarcinoma (“ah-den-oh-kar-sih-noe-muh”) type may involve the formation of exocrine tumors. | pancreas |
| This organ’s namesake cancer is detected using The tumor marker CA 19-9 is used to detect this organ’s namesake cancer, often called painless jaundice | pancreas |
| Epsilon cells produce ghrelin, the “hunger hormone” in this organ. | pancreas |
| Most people lack this organ’s duct of Santorini and its duct of (*) Wirsung drains through the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum. | pancreas |
| Endocrine cells in this organ exist in the islets of Langerhans where delta cells produce somatostatin | pancreas |
| what organ’s alpha and beta cells secrete glucagon and insulin to manage blood sugar levels? | pancreas |
| It’s not the liver, but inflammation or cancer can stimulate stellate cells in this organ to secrete ECM proteins and growth factors to heal | pancreas |
| One protein produced in this organ is activated by cleaving off C-peptide | pancreas |
| Acinar (“ASS-in-ur”) cells in this organ are stimulated by CCK to secrete a zymogen-rich bicarbonate juice | pancreas |
| That liquid travels through this organ’s duct of (*) Wirsung | pancreas |
| A juvenile autoimmune disease is caused by a loss of beta cells in this organ | pancreas |
| Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells in this organ’s islets of Langerhans | pancreas |
| name this organ that is damaged in type 1 diabetes patients and regulates blood sugar by secreting insulin. | pancreas |
| This organ’s namesake lipase hydrolyzes triglyceride substrates into monoglycerides and free fatty acids | pancreas |
| For some people, the duct of Santorini connects this organ to a part of the small intestine, the duodenum | pancreas |
| One of the hormones secreted by this organ causes the degradation of glycogen into glucose, while another hormone secreted by this organ does the opposite | pancreas |
| This organ secretes (*) glucagon in the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, and it secretes the hormone it produces in its beta cells | pancreas |
| Those beta cells in this organ are targeted in Type 1 diabetes | pancreas |
| name this organ that produces insulin. | pancreas |
| Ghrelin is produced by the epsilon cells of this organ, whose “divisum” results in a majority of its contents being drained through the Duct of Santorini rather than the Duct of Wirsung | pancreas |
| Both of those ducts connect this organ to the (*) duodenum | pancreas |
| A hormone secreted by this organ’s delta cells, somatostatin, can block the secretion of other hormones in adjacent cells, and this organ contains the islets of Langerhans | pancreas |
| name this organ which secretes glucagon and insulin. | pancreas |
| It’s not the gallbladder, but Courvoisier’s (“coor-VWAH-zee-ays”) sign is diagnostic of diseases of this organ | pancreas |
| Enterokinase converts a zymogen created in this organ into its active form, trypsin. | pancreas |
| This organ’s alpha cells produce a hormone that works on hepatocytes, and this organ’s namesake bicarbonate-heavy (*) juice travels in its duct before joining with the bile duct and entering the duodenum | pancreas |
| this organ is heterocrine, meaning it is both an endocrine and exocrine gland | pancreas |
| the islets of Langerhans are in what organ that secretes glucagon and insulin in order to regulate blood sugar levels? | pancreas |
| The ampulla of Vater is formed by the common bile duct and a duct named for this organ, which is also known as the duct of Wirsung | pancreas |
| This organ's islets of Langerhans contain its endocrine cells, which secrete hormones such as glucagon. | pancreas |
| Diabetes results in reduced function of, for 10 points, what organ which regulates blood sugar levels through the production of insulin? | pancreas |
| This organ's homeostatic function is regulated by the stimulation of M3 receptors in the hypothalamus | pancreas |
| The incretins GLP-1 and GIP, secreted by L- and K-cells respectively, stimulate the release of one hormone from this organ | pancreas |
| That hormone, whose release is blocked by Neuropeptide Y, is synthesized by the release of the (*) C-peptide from its precursor molecule | pancreas |
| As in the hypothalamus, somatostatin is released by the delta cells of this organ | pancreas |
| Exocrine acini secrete this organ’s namesake lipase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin to aid digestion in the duodenum, while its endocrine regions, known as the islets of Langerhans, regulate blood glucose levels | pancreas |
| name this organ whose alpha cells secrete glucagon. | pancreas |
| This organ secretes ghrelin through its epsilon cells, while centroacinar and acinar cells compose this organ’s exocrine gland. | pancreas |
| This organ responds to cholecystokinin [ko⋅luh⋅sis⋅tuh⋅kai⋅nun] by releasing inactive enzymes through the ampulla of Vater. | pancreas |
| Though it’s not the gallbladder, the sphincter of (*) Oddi regulates the flow of fluids from this organ. | pancreas |
| This organ is the location of the islets of Langerhans, which regulate blood sugar from its alpha and beta cells | pancreas |
| This organ is malfunctional in people with Type 1 diabetes. For 10 points, name this digestive organ that produces glucagon and insulin. | pancreas |
| Bleeding of this organ can cause pseudo hemobilia, mimicking the symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding | pancreas |
| In Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, fatty stool and bloody vomit can be indicative of tumours of this organ’s gastrin-producing cells | pancreas |
| Malformation of this organ can be diagnosed in babies by abdominal swelling and non-biliary vomit, as an ‘annular’ form of this organ can wrap around the (*) duodenum | pancreas |
| The non-metabolic symptoms of CFRD are caused by scarring to characteristic endocrine cells of this organ, in one of the principal non-pulmonary effects of cystic fibrosis. | pancreas |
| name this organ of the human body, damage to which causes type I diabetes as it can no longer produce sufficient insulin. | pancreas |
| This human body organ has a mixed purpose since it also functions as an endocrine gland, along with digestion | pancreas |
| This organ contains the islets {IZZ-LITTS} of Langerhans, which produces four different hormones, including a namesake polypeptide and glucagon, (*) both of which regulate the amount of glucose in the blood | pancreas |
| If this organ fails to produce enough insulin in its namesake islets, then either Type I or Type II diabetes will result | pancreas |
| name this organ, located behind the stomach, which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum | pancreas |
| This organ's main duct is named for an early 17th century German anatomist who was murdered by a student who claimed to have discovered the duct | pancreas |
| The “head” of this pear-shaped organ is removed in the Whipple procedure | pancreas |
| This organ, which develops from the dorsal and ventral buds, is located behind the stomach | pancreas |
| In addition to somatostatin and glucagon, this organ secretes a hormone that is made in the (*) beta cells of the islets of Langerhan | pancreas |
| Bicarbonate and digestive enzymes like trypsinogen [trip-SIN-uh-juhn] make up this organ's namesake digestive juice | pancreas |
| name this organ that also secretes insulin. | pancreas |
| The expression of Ngn3 triggers the commitment of this organ’s namesake progenitor cells | pancreas |
| This organ develops from the fusion of a dorsal and ventral bud, whose formation is controlled by Pdx1 | pancreas |
| Streptozocin (“strepto-ZO-sin”) selectively destroys a population of cells in this organ, which are also targeted by GAD65 and GAD67 antibodies. | pancreas |
| Solid pseudopapillary tumors of this organ mostly affect young women | pancreas |
| CA19-9 is a tumor marker for this organ | pancreas |
| Cancer of this organ sometimes presents with painless jaundice and is resected by the Whipple procedure | pancreas |
| This organ secretes zymogens through the ampulla of Vater in response to cholecystokinin | pancreas |
| his organ has both exocrine and endocrine portions; its endocrine portion contains the islets of Langerhans | pancreas |
| name this organ that uses glucagon and insulin to control blood sugar levels. | pancreas |
| During embryogenesis, this organ develops from its ventral and dorsal buds. | pancreas |
| During embryogenesis, this organ develops from its ventral and dorsal buds. | pancreas |
| In this organ, epsilon cells produce the “hunger hormone”, ghrelin, while acinar cells compose this organ’s exocrine gland | pancreas |
| This organ’s Duct of Santorini isn’t present in most people, and its Duct of Wirsung empties its contents into the (*) duodenum. | pancreas |
| This organ’s endocrine cells are contained in its Islets of Langerhans. | pancreas |
| Trypsinogen, amylase, and lipase are found in its namesake juice | pancreas |
| Somatostatin is produced by its delta cells, while its beta cells produce glucagon. | pancreas |
| name this digestive organ that secretes insulin. | pancreas |
| This organ's duct of Wirsung drains through the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum | pancreas |
| Like the stomach and intestines, this organ can develop gastrinomas | pancreas |
| Amylin and glucagon are produced by beta and alpha cells in this organ's (*) Islets of Langerhans, which helps promote stability of blood glucose levels. | pancreas |
| Cancer affecting this organ is often called painless jaundice | pancreas |
| this organ’s epsilon cells secrete ghrelin, while its delta cells secrete somatostatin | pancreas |
| A disease of this organ that leads to its gradual destruction can cause (*) diabetes mellitus | pancreas |
| This gland releases enzymes through the Duct of Wirsung that exits at the duodenum, and it contains endocrine cells called the Islets of Langerhans, which release hormones including glucagon. | pancreas |
| name this organ that regulates blood sugar levels by releasing insulin. | pancreas |
| This organ has cells called alpha, beta, gamma and delta that produce important hormones such as glucagon | pancreas |
| This organ’s other major function is producing the enzymes that aid digestion in the small intestine | pancreas |
| The Islets of Langerhans are the parts of this organ used to measure and control insulin levels | pancreas |
| The immune system attacks this organ in diabetes | pancreas |
| name this organ that controls blood sugar levels. | pancreas |
| This organ contains spindle-shaped cells that secrete bicarbonate ions called centroacinar cells. | pancreas |
| The point at which the main duct of this organ and the common bile duct meet is known as the Ampulla of Vater | pancreas |
| Certain people have an extra accessory duct in this organ known as the Duct of Santorini, and the main duct of this organ is known as the Duct of Wirsung | pancreas |
| Alpha cells in this organ secrete glucagon, which works in opposition to another hormone secreted in this organ’s Islets of Langerhans | pancreas |
| For 10 points, name this organ whose beta cells produce insulin to control blood sugar levels, malfunction of which results in diabetes. | pancreas |
| A ring of this organ's tissue constricts a nearby structure in a rare "annular" condition. | pancreas |
| A form of amyloidosis known as IAPP is frequently seen in diseased forms of this organ | pancreas |
| The Golgi apparatus of many cells in this organ contain C-peptide, which converts a protein made here to its active form. | pancreas |
| The centroacinar cells and intercalated ducts in this organ respond to the hormone secretin, enabling this structure to release bicarbonate | pancreas |
| This organ's duct joins the common (*) bile duct just prior to the Ampulla of Vater | pancreas |
| Like the salivary glands, this organ makes amylase | pancreas |
| Cells in this organ are destroyed in type 1 diabetes. | pancreas |
| name this digestive organ whose beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce insulin. | pancreas |
| The head of this organ is often removed in Whipple’s operation | pancreas |
| Some people, but not all, have a second, non-functional duct in this organ called the duct of Santorini. | pancreas |
| The head of this organ is the duct of Wirsung, which intersects at the ampulla of Vater with the bile duct | pancreas |
| This organ can transport bicarbonate via acinar cells. | pancreas |
| It contains regions where amylin and C-peptide are released, along with another hormone; those regions are the islets of Langerhans. | pancreas |
| name this organ, under-functioning in diabetics, that produces insulin. | pancreas |
| Substances in this organ express the MAF gene due to the existence of the Pdx1 transcription factor | pancreas |
| This organ contains a precursor to the enzyme trypsin | pancreas |
| The delta cells of this organ produce a substance that moderates interaction between adjacent cells and is called somatostatin | pancreas |
| Tissue of this organ creates C cells and is responsible for the release of (*) alpha and beta cells from the Islets of Langerhans | pancreas |
| One part of this organ is responsible for secreting glucagon, which helps to increase the amount of glucose in the bloodstream | pancreas |
| name this organ of the endocrine system which produces insulin. | pancreas |
| The canal of Wirsung is a channel passing through this organ, and this organ’s blood supply comes in part from branches of the splenic artery. Its tail runs along the lienorenal ligament, while its head lies in the curve of the duodenum | pancreas |
| The release of secretions from the gallbladder and this organ is controlled by the sphincter of (*) Oddi. | pancreas |
| This organ secretes substances produced in its acini, like trypsinogen, and bicarbonate into the small intestine. | pancreas |
| This organ secretes a hormone that is stored in the liver, breaks down glycogen, and counters another hormone that this organ produces in the beta cells of its islets of Langerhans | pancreas |
| name this organ in which glucagon and insulin are produced. | pancreas |
| With the presence of neurogenin-3 and Isl-1, its cells separate to form two lines of its endocrine precursor cells. | pancreas |
| The first line, under the influence of Pax-0, forms alpha and gamma cells, while the second line, influenced by Pax-6, produces beta and delta cells | pancreas |
| With its formation, the Notch receptor system is activated | pancreas |
| It secretes a hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects cell growth through stopping the release of of other hormones, somatostatin | pancreas |
| More commonly, it secretes hormones that regulate blood glucose levels, insulin and glucagon | pancreas |
| This organ secretes somatostatin from its delta cells | pancreas |
| Some people have an extra part of this organ called the duct of Santorini. | pancreas |
| Most of this organ’s enzymes exit through the duct of Wirsung, after which they enter the common bile duct and into the duodenum. | pancreas |
| It also secretes glucagon, which opposes the effects of another hormone it produces | pancreas |
| This organ contains the Islets of Langerhans, and its main function is disabled during diabetes | pancreas |
| name this organ, which is situated below the stomach and secretes insulin. | pancreas |
| A bulge on the anterior surface of this organ is called the tuber omentale. | pancreas |
| A duct leading out of this organ attaches to the common bile duct, joining this organ to the gallbladder. | pancreas |
| One hormone secreted by this organ inhibits the release of growth hormone, that hormone is known as somatostatin. | pancreas |
| Amylin is produced in this organ’s beta cells, found in region called the Islets of Langerhans. | pancreas |
| This organ produces the glucagon hormone along with its opposing hormone that lowers blood glucose levels, a substance deficient in patients with diabetes. | pancreas |
| name this organ that produces insulin. | pancreas |
| The lesser end of this organ extends towards the spleen and is placed over the left kidney | pancreas |
| The ascending portion of the transverse mesocolon covers the convex front part of the body of this organ | pancreas |
| The splenic artery and vein can be found in the thick upper border of this organ, through which the Canal of Wirsung extends from the left to right of the substance of this organ. | pancreas |
| Its secretions include chymotrypsin and trypsin, which help break down proteins, and the sphincter of Oddi controls the release of liquids through the Ampulla of Vater, which contains secretions from the gallbladder and this organ | pancreas |
| The alpha cells of regions of this organ secrete glucagon, while the beta cells secrete insulin | pancreas |
| name this organ, home to the islets of Langerhans. | pancreas |
| Glutamate decarboxylase antibodies are found in many patients with one disease of this organ. | pancreas |
| It secretes a namesake polypeptide and produces C-peptide | pancreas |
| Like the hypothalamus, its delta cells secrete somatostatin | pancreas |
| This organ’s exocrine glands secrete digestive enzymes, but it also has endocrine functions performed by the alpha and beta cells | pancreas |
| Those cells in this organ, lying in clusters called the islet of Langerhans, secrete glucagon and insulin | pancreas |
| name this organ that regulates blood sugar and whose attack by the immune system leads to type 1 diabetes. | pancreas |
| 95% of the cells in this structure occur in “grape-like” bundles around a central ductal lumen, and are shaped like truncated pyramids | pancreas |
| The duct of Santorini in this organ is only present in some individuals. | pancreas |
| The duct of Wirsung leads to the ampulla of Vater, where it joins the common bile duct and collects the secretions of the acinar cells | pancreas |
| It also has four other types of cells, including gamma and alpha cells, which secrete somatostatin and glucagon | pancreas |
| Joined to the duodenum, it contains beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans | pancreas |
| name this endocrine organ which secretes digestive enzymes and insulin. | pancreas |
| In a fetus, ghrelin is produced more in this organ than in the stomach, which is reversed in full-grown organisms | pancreas |
| One bulge on this organ’s surface is called the omental tuber, while some people have a second duct in this organ, known as the duct of Santorini | pancreas |
| A lack of this organ’s namesake polypeptide is linked to obesity in rats. | pancreas |
| This organ produces trypsinogen, the zymogen form of trypsin. | pancreas |
| One type of cell in this organ is stimulated by cholecystokinin and secretin. | pancreas |
| This organ’s duct of Wirsung meets the bile duct at the ampulla of Vater, and transports enzymes produced by its acinar cells to the duodenum. | pancreas |
| name this organ whose islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon and insulin. | pancreas |
| This structure contains the only cells that produce orexin. A group of cells in this organ fail to migrate in Kallmann syndrome | hypothalamus |
| name this master neuroendocrine regulatory organ found near the bottom of the brain. | hypothalamus |
| One region in this structure is the site of BMAL1-CLOCK dimerization and is located above the optic chiasm. | hypothalamus |
| The lateral and posterior portions of this structure produce orexins, deficits of which can lead to narcolepsy | hypothalamus |
| The hypophyseal portal system connects this structure to the HPA axis | hypothalamus |
| Contained in the diencephalon, it releases GHRH and CRH, as well as gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, oxytocin, and vasopressin | hypothalamus |
| It connects the nervous and endocrine systems by linking to the pituitary gland, and controls hunger, thirst, and homeostasis | hypothalamus |
| name this brain region located beneath the thalamus. | hypothalamus |
| This structure contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is responsible for the synchronization of slave oscillators and which receives direct input from the retina. | hypothalamus |
| Neurons of its arcuate nucleus terminate in the median eminence and are responsible for the release of dopamine into a certain (*) portal system | hypothalamus |
| This structure is in part responsible for menstrual cycle regulation by releasing GnRH to stimulate FSH and LH release. | hypothalamus |
| Its paraventricular neurons control the release of oxytocin and vasopressin and project directly to the posterior pituitary. | hypothalamus |
| name this gland located just above the brain stem that links the nervous and endocrine systems. | hypothalamus |
| Its medial preoptic area, which is 2.5 times larger in men than in women, partially controls sexual behavior. | hypothalamus |
| name this endocrine organ responsible for hunger, thirst, and other homeostatic functions, located beneath the thalamus. | hypothalamus |
| name this endocrine organ responsible for hunger, thirst, and other homeostatic functions, located beneath the thalamus. | hypothalamus |
| A landmark spatial profiling paper by Zhuang et al. mapped the preoptic nucleus of this brain structure, which controls the pituitary gland, hunger, thirst, and other autonomic processes | hypothalamus |
| Name this part of the brain, which controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and many other bodily functions. It links the nervous system to the endocrine system through its control over the pituitary gland. | hypothalamus |
| Ghrelin acts on neurons found in this structure, a component of the limbic system that also controls thirst and circadian rhythms. | hypothalamus |
| This part of the brain controls thyroid output as part of an axis with the pituitary gland. | hypothalamus |
| This structure releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone in response to low levels of thyroid hormone. | hypothalamus |
| Vasopressin is produced in this part of the brain. | hypothalamus |
| This "master switchboard" of the endocrine system is connected to the pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system. | hypothalamus |
| This structure is sometimes included as part of the brainstem, but is more often considered part of the limbic system. | hypothalamus |
| This structure acts as a bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems, and is largely responsible for maintaining homeostasis. | hypothalamus |
| The two optic nerves cross at the optic chiasma, which is adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus of this structure | hypothalamus |
| Its parvocellular neurosecretory cells produce the hormones TRH and CRH. | hypothalamus |
| This structure controls the pituitary gland to regulate homeostatic functions like thirst, body temperature, and hunger. | hypothalamus |
| This organ’s suprachiasmatic nucleus controls circadian rhythms to regulate sleep cycles | hypothalamus |
| This organ also secretes neurohormones to trigger activity of the pituitary gland. | hypothalamus |
| Name this gland, found in the diencephalon ("die"-en-SEF-ah-lon) of the midbrain, that gets its name from being just below the thalamus | hypothalamus |
| In mammals, circadian rhythms are controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain located inside this area | hypothalamus |
| Its name comes from its location below the brain’s “relay station”, and it is a neuroendocrine area. | hypothalamus |
| The "H" in HPA refers to this region of the brain, which is responsible for regulation of hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythm | hypothalamus |
| It lies just above the brainstem, and below the "information hub" of the brain. | hypothalamus |
| In humans, thermoregulation is controlled by this portion of the brain, which regulates the autonomic nervous system and regulates the action of various hormones via the pituitary gland. | hypothalamus |
| Oxytocin and the structurally-similar ADH are both manufactured by this master endocrine gland, which uses releasing hormones to control the output of the pituitary gland just beneath it. | hypothalamus |
| Vasopressin is synthesized in this region of the brain, which is located directly above the pituitary gland | hypothalamus |
| It is home to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which controls circadian rhythms. | hypothalamus |
| A 1991 Science paper by Simon LeVay correlates sexual orientation with the size of INAH3, one of many nuclei found in this part of the brain | hypothalamus |
| This organ contains a cup-like sac called Bowman's capsule, which contains the glomerulus. | kidney |
| The U-shaped portion of the connecting tubule between the functional units of this organ is called the loop of Henle. | kidney |
| The functional units of these organs are called (*) nephrons | kidney |
| Dialysis filters the blood and prevents sepsis when these organs fail. | kidney |
| name these organs that produce urine | kidney |
| The Bedside Schwartz equation uses a child’s height to assess this organ’s function by estimating a quantity whose gold standard is found using inulin | kidney |
| The CKD-EPI and MDRD formulas controversially added race as a factor to the Cockcroft–Gault equation, which was the first to consider the role of sex when measuring the amount of creatinine passing through this organ. | kidney |
| Approximated clearance rates are routinely up to 20 percent over the true value of this organ’s (*) GFR, which measures the rate of flow into the Bowman’s capsule | kidney |
| Countercurrent multiplication in this organ facilitates the passive reabsorption of salts in the descending limb of the loop of Henle | kidney |
| nephrons are the functional unit of what paired organ, which filters blood to produce urine? | kidney |
| This organ can be destroyed by the BK virus. | kidney |
| In this organ, papillary necrosis may be caused by a thrombosis in the vasa recta. | kidney |
| Inulin is the best compound to measure the function of this organ, although serum creatinine is often used instead. | kidney |
| The macula densa stimulates the juxtaglomerular cells in this organ to release the hormone (*) renin | kidney |
| Aquaporins are inserted into the collecting duct of this organ to increase water retention by the hormone vasopressin | kidney |
| Sodium, potassium, and chloride ions are reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle [“hen-lee”] in this organ | kidney |
| name this organ which filters blood through its functional unit called the nephron. | kidney |
| A piece of material in this organ that may extend into its namesake calyces (KAL-uh-seez) is known as a "staghorn. | kidney |
| Furosemide inhibits this organ's NKCC2 protein to treat edema | kidney |
| This organ's function can be measured by injecting sinistrin or inulin into the plasma | kidney |
| A protein secreted primarily by this organ in response to cellular hypoxia stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow; that cytokine is erythropoietin | kidney |
| A late marker of damage to this organ is a rise in blood concentration of creatinine (cree-AT-uh-neen) or a decrease in GFR | kidney |
| A cup-like sack at the beginning of the functional unit of this organ encloses the glomerulus and performs the first step in filtration | kidney |
| name this organ whose nephrons filter waste from the bloodstream. | kidney |
| One vein that drains this organ is compressed between the aorta and mesenteric artery in Nutcracker syndrome | kidney |
| This organ’s function can be assessed by measuring serum creatinine levels | kidney |
| In response to hypoxic conditions, this organ stimulates the production of red blood cells by releasing erythropoietin | kidney |
| Countercurrent multiplication maintains a strong osmotic gradient in this organ | kidney |
| The pituitary gland releases (*) vasopressin to signal the reabsorption of water into this organ | kidney |
| In this organ, renal corpuscles consist of a glomerulus attached to a Bowman’s capsule, which are part of this organ’s functional unit, the nephron. | kidney |
| name this organ that filters blood and creates urine. | kidney |
| It’s not the thyroid, but casts of THP resembling colloid cause “thyroidization” of this organ in one chronic infection | kidney |
| A procedure that treats dysfunction of this organ produces fluid that dwells in the peritoneal cavity | kidney |
| C3 and IgA (“eye-G-A”) are deposited in this organ’s mesangium in another condition | kidney |
| Another procedure for problems of this organ creates a fistula between the radial artery and cephalic vein for high-pressure vascular access | kidney |
| Minimal change disease of this organ requires electron microscopy to detect its hallmark foot process effacement in podocytes | kidney |
| This organ’s function can be measured using serum creatinine levels or the measured GFR | kidney |
| A countercurrent multiplier concentrates filtrate in an ascending loop found in components of this organ | kidney |
| urine is produced by the nephrons of what organ? | kidney |
| The function of this organ, which may also lead to infantile glaucoma in the eye, is impaired in Lowe’s syndrome | kidney |
| The function of this organ can be determined by measuring levels of serum creatinine | kidney |
| This organ hydroxylates calcifediol to produce (*) calcitriol, or vitamin D | kidney |
| The main function of these organs are performed in the glomerulus, which are located at the beginning of a nephron | kidney |
| these organs may have their function substituted through dialysis, and are each connected to a ureter | kidney |
| name this pair of bean shaped organs that filter blood. | kidney |
| This organ secretes vasopressin and renin, and it includes capillary networks surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule in its (*) nephrons | kidney |
| Ureters bring urine from this organ to the bladder | kidney |
| Renal replacement therapies like dialysis are used when this organ fails | kidney |
| Blood is filtered by, for 10 points, what pair of bean-shaped organs? | kidney |
| In this organ, decreased sodium levels in the distal convoluted tubule cause the juxtaglomerular apparatus to release renin | kidney |
| One structure in this organ has an ascending and descending limb that are, respectively, impermeable and permeable to water; that structure is the Loop of Henle | kidney |
| The adrenal glands are located above this organ | kidney |
| The functional unit of this organ is the (*) nephron, and failure of this organ may necessitate dialysis. | kidney |
| This paired organ filters blood to produce urine that is then sent to the bladder | kidney |
| name this organ that is shaped like a bean. | kidney |
| In children, this organ can be scarred in Alport Syndrome or can form a Wilms’ tumor. | kidney |
| Vasopressin and renin are secreted by this organ, which includes capillary networks surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule in its (*) nephrons | kidney |
| Ureters bring urine from this organ to the bladder. | kidney |
| Renal replacement therapies like dialysis are used when this organ fails. | kidney |
| Blood is filtered by, for 10 points, what pair of bean-shaped organs? | kidney |
| A defect in the development of this organ leads to Potter sequence, and Nutcracker syndrome affects this organ | kidney |
| A Wilms’ tumor is formed in this organ and Bertin columns separate pyramids in this organ | kidney |
| The Banff classification is used to determine if a transplant of this organ is necessary | kidney |
| The (*) ascending limb of one structure in this organ is impermeable to water; that structure is the loop of Henle | kidney |
| The nephron is the functional unit of this organ and it is connected to the bladder by the ureter. | kidney |
| name this bean-shaped organ that filters blood into urine. | kidney |
| The activity of this organ can be estimated by determining the creatinine clearance or the blood urea nitrogen level, which are estimates for the GFR | kidney |
| The hormone ADH causes this organ to express aquaporins. | kidney |
| The countercurrent multiplication system of this organ’s Loop of Henle is used to generate a concentration gradient of ions in this organ’s medulla | kidney |
| This organ’s functional unit is called a (*) nephron | kidney |
| The adrenal glands are right above these organs | kidney |
| identify this typically paired set of organs responsible for filtering blood to produce urine. | kidney |
| DTPA and Iothalamate (“eye-oh-THALL-uh-mate”) are used in nuclear scans to determine the function of this organ | kidney |
| The fact that an abscess around this organ causes it to not move during respiration is called the Mathe (“MAH-thee”) sign. | kidney |
| It’s not the brain, but an artery feeding into this organ is most commonly narrowed in fibromuscular dysplasia; stenosis of that artery is diagnosed using a captopril challenge test | kidney |
| The MDRD and Cockcroft–Gault equations are used to calculate the function of this organ from creatinine level | kidney |
| Damage to podocyte foot processes in this organ allows protein leakage into its tubules from the glomerulus | kidney |
| One section of this organ uses a countercurrent multiplier to create a concentration gradient; that is the loop of Henle | kidney |
| Chronic failure of this organ is treated using dialysis | kidney |
| name this organ whose functional unit is the nephron, which filters waste from blood. | kidney |
| name these functional units of the kidney. | kidney |
| This organ concentrates salt and reabsorbs water in a structure called the loop of Henle. | kidney |
| This organ, which produces the enzyme renin, can create a namesake (*) stone from the results of processing urine | kidney |
| name this bean-shaped organ that filters blood. | kidney |
| name this bean-shaped organ that filters blood. | kidney |
| The left gonadal vein drains into a vein named for this organ, which produces the hormone erythropoietin | kidney |
| A childhood cancer of this organ is called Wilms tumor, and (*) Bowman’s capsule is found in this organ | kidney |
| A structure in this organ has descending and ascending limbs that are respectively permeable and impermeable to water; that structure in this organ is the Loop of Henle. | kidney |
| The ureters originate from this organ to empty into the bladder, and it’s studied by nephrologists | kidney |
| name this bean-shaped organ that produces urine. | kidney |
| It’s not the liver, but erythropoietin is produced in this organ, and prolactin increases its synthesis of calcitriol. | kidney |
| Hartnup disease affects production of nicotinamide, which is part of neutral amino acid transporter production in the proximal tubules of this organ | kidney |
| Neural signals from this organ travel to the (*) T10 and T11 vertebrae in humans, and ultrafiltration occurs at its Bowman’s capsules | kidney |
| This organ is found below the adrenal gland, and a concentration gradient is created by its Loops of Henle. For ten points, nephrons filter blood in what paired bean-shaped organs? | kidney |
| Fanconi syndrome in this organ may be drug-induced, and this organ may form a Wilms tumor | kidney |
| This organ produces the hormone erythropoietin (“err-ith-mo-POY-tun”), as well as an enzyme that stimulates the release of calcium from bones. | kidney |
| The functional unit of this organ, in which solutes are forced by the (*) glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule, is called a nephron. | kidney |
| In this organ, the ascending and descending portions of the Loop of Henle concentrate salt in the interstitium | kidney |
| name this organ that filters blood and produces urine. | kidney |
| This organ is often damaged indirectly as a result of crush injuries | kidney |
| A low purine diet is recommended for people with xanthine oxidase deficiency, which can cause damage to this organ, which can also suffer from buildup of IgA | kidney |
| Testing the function of this organ is commonly done before use of gadolinium contrast agents to reduce the risk of (*) NSF. Those tests of this organ’s help typically include the BUN and serum creatinine levels. | kidney |
| Disease of this organ can lead to formation of crystals of “uremic frost” on the skin, and may result in proteinuria or hematuria. | kidney |
| The function of this organ can be calculated through the GFR, or the glomerular filtration rate | kidney |
| Failure of this organ results in the need for dialysis. For 10 points, name this pair of organs responsible for filtering the blood. | kidney |
| While not the lungs, collagen diseases like Goodpasture syndrome and Alport syndrome affect this organ’s basement membrane. | kidney |
| The hypothalamus secretes vasopressin—or ADH—to control aquaporin levels in this organ | kidney |
| Units in this organ contain a capillary known as the glomerulus, which is contained within Bowman’s capsule | kidney |
| Those same units in this organ contain the proximal tubule and the Loop of Henle, the site of water and nutrient reabsorption | kidney |
| This organ’s function can be replaced by a dialysis machine | kidney |
| name this organ containing around a million nephrons, responsible for filtering blood and making urine. | kidney |
| A Wilms tumor may form in this organ, one portion of which is divided into cortical and juxtamedullary classes | kidney |
| Lithotripsy is used to eradicate one affliction that takes place in this organ | kidney |
| It features podocytes within a network of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule | kidney |
| The glomerulus comprises one portion of this organ, whose functional unit is the nephron | kidney |
| name this paired organ responsible for blood filtration and urine production, which may also be the site of painful “stones.” | kidney |
| Although not the lungs, antibodies target a structure in these organs in Goodpasture’s syndrome. | kidney |
| They detect decreased oxygen levels and release erythropoietin, stimulating erythrocyte generation. | kidney |
| Their failure is characterized by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, as well as increased creatinine serum levels | kidney |
| This organ responds to vasopressin which increases fluid retention | kidney |
| It filters blood through nephrons, and dialysis performs this organ’s function. The adrenal glands are located above, For 10 Points, what structures connected to the bladder by the ureter. | kidney |
| Wilms’ tumors manifest in these structures, in which one could find the malpighian pyramids | kidney |
| Fluids that enter this structure travel through the glomerulus, which is located in Bowman’s capsule, before entering the Loop of Henle | kidney |
| The enzymes calcitriol and renin are secreted by this structure, which is emptied of its contents via ureters | kidney |
| Dialysis helps perform the primary functions of this organ, which filters blood using nephrons | kidney |
| identify this paired organ which produces urine. | kidney |
| This organ affected by Liddle’s syndrome and Denys-Drash syndrome can develop Wilms tumors | kidney |
| People with Alport syndrome lose function of this organ that is home to Malpighian pyramid cells, the efferent artery, the afferent vein, and the distal convoluted tubule | kidney |
| Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerulus in this organ that sees fluids flow through the loop of Henle. | kidney |
| The ureters leave this organ, and the filtering of blood by nephrons in it can be assisted by dialysis | kidney |
| identify these paired organs that clean out the blood. | kidney |
| One structure in this organ, the Bowman's capsule, is divided into several layers including the visceral and parietal layers. | kidney |
| he adrenal glands are located just above this organ, whose loop of Henle [HEN-lee] helps concentrate (*) urine | kidney |
| Both the Vero cell line and the HEK293T cell line originate from this organ, which in children is affected by minimal change disease and Wilms Tumor | kidney |
| GFR and serum creatinine are measures of its function. | kidney |
| This organ secretes erythropoietin and activates vitamin D by hydroxylation | kidney |
| The calyces of this organ surround its pyramids, and its functional unit uses a countercurrent multiplier mechanism | kidney |
| On section of this organ up-regulates aquaporins in response to (*) ADH | kidney |
| name this organ whose functional unit is the nephron, which filters the blood to produce urine. | kidney |
| The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the urogenital tract, including this organ, which develops from the pronephros. | kidney |
| Name these paired organs in the abdomen, which filter the blood and excrete nitrogenous waste. | kidney |
| Detection of Bence Jones protein indicates that a gammopathy is damaging this organ. | kidney |
| Juvenile cancers of this organ are mostly the result of mutations in the WT1 gene, whose inactivation causes Denys-Drash syndrome. | kidney |
| Macrophages in this organ accumulate lipofuscin [LIE-poh-FYOO-shin] and turn it black in a melanosis caused by anthraquinone toxicity | large intestine |
| Nicolaes Tulp gave everybody an anatomy lesson by discovering a valve leading into this organ | large intestine |
| Cancer in this organ, which can be diagnosed by elevated M2-pyruvate kinase, progresses through a cycle of APC mutation, K-ras accumulation, and p53 loss in the textbook example of the multi-hit model | large intestine |
| This organ’s walls contain pouches called (*) haustra and are inflamed in diverticulitis | large intestine |
| Biotin is synthesized in this organ, where phylloquinone turns into menaquinone, also known as active vitamin K | large intestine |
| Cancers of this organ progress from polyps to adenomas to carcinomas and are detected using fecal occult blood, a sigmoidoscope, or a camera inserted up the anus | large intestine |
| name this organ that extracts water from digested food and ends in the rectum. | large intestine |
| Hilton's white line demarks two different lymphatic drainage systems in one part of this organ, which is also split developmentally by the pectinate line | large intestine |
| Cuthbert Dukes developed a staging system for this organ’s cancer, which is most commonly caused by mutations in the APC gene. | large intestine |
| Genes such as MLH1 and MSH2 involved in DNA mismatch repair can cause Lynch Syndrome, a hereditary condition that increases the risk of this organ’s cancer. | large intestine |
| Inflammation in this organ can cause (*) diverticulitis | large intestine |
| This organ has sigmoid, transverse, ascending, and descending parts. | large intestine |
| The cecum is the first part of this organ and out of it juts the appendix. | large intestine |
| name this organ that is examined by putting a probe up one’s anus. | large intestine |
| Metastasized cancers of this organ can be treated with a combination of irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin, a combination termed FOLFIRI. | large intestine |
| Oxaliplatin can also be used to treat cancer in this organ, whose staging can be described using the modified Astler-Coller or the Dukes classifications | large intestine |
| A mutation in MSH2, MYH1, or MSH6 increases the chance of cancer in this organ; that condition can be diagnosed by finding microsatellite instability and is called Lynch syndrome. | large intestine |
| Adenomas of this organ come in serrated, tubular, villous, and tubulovillous types, depending on the shape of their polyps | large intestine |
| This is the most common organ whose walls can form inflamed pouches, a disorder called diverticulitis | large intestine |
| Haustral churning mixes the contents of this organ, which contains 4 regions termed sigmoid, transverse, ascending, and descending. | large intestine |
| The ileocecal valve is the entrance to, for 10 points, what digestive organ whose final section is the rectum? | large intestine |
| Name this organ. Cancer of this organ is typically diagnosed by inserting a camera into the anus, and this digestive organ ends in the rectum. | large intestine |
| Name this digestive organ that contains four sections and ends at the rectum | large intestine |
| Name this organ affected by ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It receives chyme (kyme) from the small intestine via the ileocecal (ill-ee-oh-SEE-kuhl) valve | large intestine |
| identify this digestive organ whose final straight portion, the rectum, feeds into the anus. | large intestine |
| The appendix is connected to the cecum, which is the first segment of this structure | large intestine |
| This part of the GI tract also includes the colon and rectum. | large intestine |
| Identify this part of the body that removes water from human waste before excretion, along with sodium ions. Cancer of this section of the digestive tract is usually diagnosed through a namesake endoscopy. | large intestine |
| Identify this structure, whose main function is to reabsorb water and inorganic compounds. | large intestine |
| The most common congenital abnormality of the alimentary canal is a bulge in the lower part of this organ called Meckel’s Diverticulum. | |
| This organ’s Brunner’s glands secrete a mucus-rich alkaline substance that lubricates the walls | |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue named (*) Peyer’s patches exist in parts of this organ, and a different part of it receives bile through the sphincter of Oddi. | |
| Villi help absorb nutrients in this organ that is divided into the ileum, jejunum, and duodenum. | |
| Name this organ that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. | |
| This organ contains masses of lymphatic tissue known as Peyer’s patches. | |
| This organ’s surface area is increased by finger like villi that can be blunted by celiac disease | |
| This organ, which receives chyme through the pyloric (*) sphincter, consists of the ileum, jejunum, and duodenum | |
| name this digestive organ that is found between the stomach and a related, larger organ. | |
| Potten et al developed the +4 model of cell arrangements in this organ | |
| This organ's mucosa takes on a pale yellow shaggy appearance in Whipple's disease. | |
| Vaishnava et al. found that a specific cell type in this organ uses MyD88-dependent signalling to sense bacteria. | |
| Those cells in this organ also secrete alpha-defensins and are called Paneth cells. | |
| Antigens transported through M cells in this organ are taken up by dendritic cells which bring the antigens to this organ's (*) Peyer's patches | |
| An immune response in this organ is triggered when people with celiac disease eat gluten. | |
| This organ consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and contains many microvilli to increase surface area. | |
| name this long organ that connects the stomach to the large intestine. | |
| The enzyme AAP and the protein RBP2 play important roles in the function of this organ | |
| The production of bicarbonate in the pancreas is stimulated by a hormone produced in the S glands of this organ. | |
| Brunner’s glands produce a mucus-like secretion in this organ, where Secretin is also produced. | |
| Finger-like extensions known as villi increase the absorbent surface of this organ, which receives bile stored in the gallbladder. | |
| The jejunum, the ileum, and the duodenum comprise, for 10 points, what very long organ that absorbs nutrients from chyme, which it receives from the stomach? | |
| This organ contains masses of lymphatic tissue known as Peyer’s patches. | |
| Brunner’s glands secrete an alkaline substance to protect the lining of this organ, which receives chyme through the pyloric sphincter. | |
| This organ’s surface area is increased by fingerlike (*) villi that can be blunted by celiac disease | |
| The ileum, jejunum, and duodenum make up, for 10 points, what organ that helps digest food before passing it on to a larger organ? | |
| Brunner glands are found in this organ and function to protect it from low Ph values | |
| Consumption of gluten in patients with Celiac disease causes villous atrophy of this organ | |
| The sphincter of Oddi relaxes to allow pancreatic juice and bile to flow into this organ, and the pyloric sphincter moves the contents of the (*) stomach into the duodenum of this organ | |
| Most digestion and nutrient absorption takes place in this organ of the digestive tract. | |
| name this organ which connects the stomach to the large intestine. | |
| In this organ, a shortened ligament of Treitz can lead to part of this organ being compressed between two arteries. | |
| The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of digestive juices from the pancreas to this organ | |
| The most common type of Crohn's Disease causes inflammation of one part of this organ, a condition known as (*) ileocolitis | |
| Some cells in this organ use microvilli in order to increase surface area for absorption | |
| Other parts of this organ include the jejunum and duodenum. | |
| name this long digestive organ that empties into the large intestine. | |
| Chylomicrons transport lipids from this organ into lacteals | |
| In one section of it, pH is regulated by the secretion of bicarbonate from Brunner’s glands | |
| Cholera infection causes the effusion of sodium and chloride ions into the lumen of this organ where Vitamin B12 is (*) absorbed | |
| The pancreas transports bile here to emulsify chime | |
| This organ contains the duodenum and jejunum and is lined with hair-like villi to increase nutrient absorption | |
| Food leaves the stomach to enter—for 10 points—what longer of the two intestines? | |
| SMA syndrome is a disorder in which this structure is compressed by the superior mesenteric artery. | |
| The ampulla of Vater is located in one section of this organ, and Brunner’s glands, which protect this organ’s lining, lie above its (*) sphincter of Oddi. | |
| Peyer’s patches are masses of lymphatic tissue found in one region of this organ, and the pyloric sphincter leads into this organ. | |
| This organ, covered in villi to absorb nutrients, contains the ileum, jejunum, and duodenum | |
| name this organ that connects the stomach to the colon. | |
| Nervous system elements found in this organ include Auerbach's plexus and Meissner's plexus, and an alkaline environment is maintained in this organ by its Brunner's glands | |
| A birth defect resulting in a bulge in this organ is Meckel's diverticulum, and this organ is protected by lymphocytes secreted by Peyer's Patches. | |
| Bile is moved into this organ through the Sphincter of Oddi, and the surface area of this organ is increased by small projections called villi. | |
| name this organ divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the site of nutrient absorption that is contrasted with its "large" neighbor. | |
| The Valves of Kerckring and Solitary Glands are found in this organ, as are the “Central Lacteal” portions of lymphatic vessels. | |
| Alpha-defensins secreted by the Paneth cells in this organ help defend the stem cells found within it, and Goblet cells make up the crypts of Lieberkuhn here | |
| Protective alkaline substances are secreted by Brunner’s glands in this organ, while other tissues found in this organ include Peyer’s Patches. |
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