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Physiology Ch.
Renal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kidneys are located on the _______ w/ only the anterior surface being covered by _______. | Retroperitoneal surface, peritoneum |
| What are the functions of the kidneys? | Elimination of metabolic waste, regulates ion levels, regulates bp, eliminates hormones and drugs |
| Kidneys are also an ________ organ. | Endocrine |
| Endocrine kidney functions: | Produces renin for RAAS, forms calcitriol for Ca2+ absorption, produces and releases erithropoetin |
| Gluconeogensis | A possible kidney function to produce glucose from noncarbs during times of starvation |
| Fibrous capsule | Directly adhered to external surface of kidney to maintain its shape, protect it, and prevent pathogen penetration |
| Perinephric fat | Adipose ct around fibrous capsule to cushion and support kidney |
| Renal fascia | External to perinephric fat; anchors kidney to surrounding structures |
| Paranephric fat | Outermost layer surrounding kidney. Adipose ct to cushion and support |
| Hilum | Where vessels, nerves, and ureter connect to kidney |
| Renal medulla | Inside area of kidney |
| Renal cortex | Outer section of kidney |
| Renal columns | Extension of renal cortex projecting into medulla separating renal pyramids |
| Renal papilla | Place at base of renal pyramids of medulla (at side of hilum) |
| Renal pyramids | Sections of renal medulla separated by renal columns |
| Renal lobe | Renal pyramid and portions of adjacent renal columns |
| Renal sinus | Medially located urine drainage area. Contains Minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis |
| Each kidney has a single, large ______. | Renal artery |
| At rest, kidneys receive ______ of CO. | 22-25% |
| Segmental arteries | Branches off renal artery within renal sinus |
| Interlobar arteries | Branch off segmental arteries, travel through renal columns towards corticomedullary junction |
| Corticomedullary junction | Place where renal pyramid joins to the renal cortex |
| Arcuate arteries | Branch off of interlobar arteries. Arch over base of renal pyramids along long axis of kidney at corticomedullary junction. |
| Cortical radiate arteries | Branch off arcuate arteries to enter and supply CORTEX |
| Afferent arterioles | Branch off cortical radiate arteries. "Arriving", enters renal corpuscle and feeds glomerulus. |
| Efferent arterioles | Receives blood from glomerulus ("Exiting") |
| Peritubular capillaries | 2nd capillary bed of kidney. Fed by efferent arteriole and is entwined around PCT and DCT of CORTICAL nephron, drains blood into venules and primarily resides in cortex of kidney. |
| Vasa recta | Alternative to peritubular capillaries that is associated with juxtamedullary nephrons. Primarily in medulla of kidney |
| All blood going through kidneys move through _____ capillary beds. | Two |
| Kidneys are controlled by _______ ANS only. | Sympathetic |
| Cortical radiate veins | Smallest veins that travel along cortical radiate arteries |
| Arcuate veins | Form merged interlobar veins at base of medullary pyramids and are fed by cortical radiate veins |
| Interlobar veins | Fed by merged arcuate veins and extending through renal columns. Merges to form renal vein |
| Renal vein | Formed by merged interlobar veins |
| There are approximately _____ nephrons per kidney | 1 million |
| Nephron | Filtration unit of kidney. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule. |
| All of renal corpuscle and most of renal tubules are in the _____. | Cortex |
| Functions of nephron: | Filtration of blood, reabsorption of nutrients and ions from filtrate into blood, and secretion of waste and toxins from blood to filtrate |
| The filtration of blood in the nephron is ____ and _____, and does not use ____. | Automatic, constant, ATP |
| Renal corpuscle | Bulbous region of nephron within renal cortex composed of glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) |
| Glomerulus | Tangle of capillary loops fed by afferent arteriole and drained by efferent arteriole |
| Podocyte | Highly specialized cells of visceral layer of glomerular capsule that contains pedicals. |
| Pedicels | Cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes that surround fenestrated capillary endothelial cells, forming slits to allow for fluid filtration |
| Peritubular capillaries are for: | Reabsorption and secretion |
| Glomerular capillaries are for: | Filtration, and are fenestrated |
| _______ is the exit of Bowman's capsule | Proximal tubule |
| Proteins are ______ to cross capillary openings. | Too large |
| All endothelial cells have _______. | Basement membrane |
| Process in renal corpuscle | Substances in blood are filtered through capillary pores into endothelial cells. Filtrate then passes across basement membrane and through filtration slit created by pedicels and enters capsular space. Filtrate then is transported through proximal tubule |
| Filtration membrane is ______, to repels _____. | Negatively charges, negative proteins |
| Filtration membrane is formed by | Glomerulus and visceral layer of Bowman's capsule |
| Layers of filtration membrane: | Endothelium of glomerulus--fenestrated Basement membrane of glomerulus Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule--has podocytes and pedicels w/ filtration slits |
| Mesangial cells | Specialized cells between glomerular capillary loops. Phagocytic, contractile, and signaling properties. |
| Renal tubule is made of | PCT, nephron loop, DCT |
| Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) | Simple cuboidal epith w/ microvilli for increased S.A. and reabsorption capacity. Originates at proximal tubule of Bowman's capsule |
| Nephron loop | Descending limb exits from PCT into medulla, hairpin turn in medulla, and ascending limb returns to cortex and ending at DCT |
| Thin segments of nephron loop have ____ epith. | Simple squamous |
| Thick segments of nephron loop have _____ epith | Simple cuboidal |
| Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | Originates in renal cortex at end of ascending limb of nephron loop and extending to collecting tubule. Simple cuboidal epith with NO microvilli |
| ALL glomeruli are in _____. | Renal cortex |
| Nephron is ________ for producing ______. | Constriction line, urine. |
| Earlier parts of nephron is _______ and later ones are _____. | Automatic, adjustable |
| Cortical nephrons | 85% of nephrons. Short nephron loop that barely penetrated medulla. |
| Juxtamedullary nephrons | 15%. Long nephron loop goes deep into medulla. Helps establish salt ion concentration gradient. |
| Flow of urine from nephron: | Nephron -> collecting tubule -> collecting duct -> papillary duct in renal papilla |
| Principle cells | In DCT, CT, and CD. Responds to aldosterone and antidiuretic hormones |
| Intercalated cells | In DCT, CT, and CD. Helps regulate urine and blood pH. Type A eliminates Acid, type B eliminates Bases |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | Regulates blood filtrate formation and systemic bp. Has JG cells and macula densa |
| JG cells | Enlarged sm cells with secretary granules containing renin. Are mechanoreceptors in afferent arteriole. |
| JG cells are _______. | Mechanoreceptors |
| Macula densa | Modified epithelial cells in wall of DCT, signal granular cells to release renin. Chemoreceptors detecting NaCl change in filtrate |
| Macula densa cells are ______. | Chemoreceptors |
| Filtrate contains everything in plasma except ______. | Proteins |
| Amount of filtrate produces daily. | 180L |
| Three types of substances in blood: | Freely filtered, not filtered, and limited filtration |
| Freely filtered substances | H2O, glucose, ions |
| Not filtered substances | Formed elements and large proteins |
| Limited filtration | Proteins that are usually blocked from filtration due to size or NEGATIVE charge |
| Glomerular filtration is a ____ process, using ____. | Passive, hydrostatic P |
| Tubular fluid | When filtrate enters PCT |
| Urine | When tubular fluid enters collecting ducts |
| Equation for net filtration pressure | NFP = HPg - (OPg + HPc) |
| Blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure ______ glomerular filtration. | Oppose |
| Glomerular filtration rate | Volume of filtrate formed by kidneys per minute |
| Normal glomerular filtration rate in adults is _______. | 125 mL/min |
| The higher the P of capillaries, the _____ the glomerular filtration rate. | Greater |
| Intrinsic controls | Processes influencing GFR in kidneys over wide range of mean arterial pressures. |
| Mean arterial pressures for intrinsic controls to work | 80 to 180mmHg |
| Extrinsic controls | Processes external to kidney. Is to CHANGE instead of maintain GFR |
| Myogenic response | Contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle in AFFERENT arteriole in response to stretch. Lower bp causes dilation of vessels and relaxing of sm. Higher bp causes sm to contract |
| Tubuloglomerular control | Backup for myogenic response, only if bp is above range for myo to work. Uses juxtaglomerular apparatus. Macular densa inc Cl- conc in tubular fluid and makes R inc in afferent arteriole to dec GFR and RBF. Also causes renin to be released |
| RAAS | Occurs when bp is lower than range for myo respone (80mmHg). Renin and angiotensinogen combine to antiotensin I, ACE converts it to angiotensin II, which constricts vessels and raised bp. |
| What causes aldostrone to be released from adrenal cortex? | Low blood Na+ conc, low bp, high blood K+ conc |
| GFR _____ with sympathetic stimulation so body can ____. | Lowers, conserve water |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ______ GFR and _____ urine volume, so bp and blood volume ______. | Increases, increases, decrease |
| Paracellular transport | Substances move between epithelial cells |
| Transcellular transport | Substances move across epithelial cells (crosses luminal and basolateral membranes) |
| _____ is most active in reabsorption | PCT |
| Virtually all organic nutrients are ______ in PCT. | Completely reabsorbed |
| Reabsorption in tubes | Occurs throughout. Lumen into capillaries |
| Secretion | Occurs in DCT. Peritubular capillaries to lumen |
| Transport maximum (Tm) | Max rate that substances can be reabsorbed/secretes across tubule epithelium |
| With a Tm lower than 375 mg/min, ______ in PCT is ________. | Glucose, fully reabsorbed |
| With a Tm greater than 375mg/min, ______ is excreted into ____. | Excess glucose, urine |
| Renal threshold | Max plasma conc of a substance that can be transported in blood without appearing in urine |
| _______ are mostly not freely filtered | Proteins |
| _______ move by facilitated diffusion back into blood. | Amino acids |
| Majority of Na+ is reabsorbed in the ______. | PCT |
| Loop of Henle descending limb reabsorption | Water freely reabsorbed, so filtrate conc increases. No solute reabsorption |
| Loop of Henle ascending limb reabsorption | Active and passive reabsorption of solute. No aquaporins for water |
| Normal blood miliosmoles | 300 |
| Reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct | Dictated by body's needs and regulated by hormones (aldosterone, atrial natriuretic hormone, antidiuretic hormone, parathyroid hormone) |
| Aldostrone | Raises bp and BV, and increases Na+ reabsorption in DCT and CD. Water follows by osmosis. |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide | Inhibits release of aldosterone and inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and water. Inc GF |
| Water reabsorption in DCT and CT and CD is controlled by ____ and ____. | Aldosterone and ANP |
| Antidiuretic hormone | Makes COLLECTING TUBULE permeable to water and increases water reabsorption and lessen urine production |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Released in response to low calcium in blood. Stimulation Ca2+ reabsorption in DCT. Also inhibits reabsorption of phosphate in PCT |
| Osmolality | Number of solutes in H2O |
| Kidneys must be able to dilute/conc urine to keep _____ of all fluid compartments constant. | Osmolality |
| Urine is mostly ______ | Water, 95%. |
| Urinary tract flow: | Urine in CD => minor calyces -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureters -> urinary bladder -> urethra |
| Ureters | Slender tubes to conduct urine from kidneys to urinary bladder. Controlled by ANS |
| Urinary bladder | Reservoir of urine. 4 layers of walls and trigone. |
| Trigone | In urinary bladder. Triangular "funnel" to direct urine into urethra |
| 4 layers of urinary bladder | Outer adventitia, detrusor muscularis, submucosa, mucosa |
| Detrusor muscularis | Involuntary urethral sphincter in urinary bladder |
| Urethra | Has 2 sphincters, internal controlled by ANS and involuntary and external (voluntary) |
| Micturition reflex | Signals time to urinate at 200mL, will subside if wait. Detrusor contracts and internal sphincter relaxes. Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Storage reflex | Requires continuous sympth stimulation. Internal urethral sphincter contracts and inhibits contraction to detrusor muscles. Causes external sphincter to remain contracted |
| Pons | Has micturition center that activates during voluntary initiation of voiding reflexes |
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