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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This tissue contains cells with a similar name to pancreatic cells, which contain Birbeck granules and are called Langerhans (LAHN-gur-HAHNZ) cells | skin |
| Arrector pili (ah-REK-tor PAI-lee) muscles are found in this tissue, that also contains (*) sebaceous (suh-BAY-shus) glands. UV radiation stimulates the production of Vitamin D in this tissue, which is affected by eczema. | skin |
| Desmosomes are prevalent in a part of this organ named the prickle cell layer or spinosum | skin |
| Antigens from pathogens detected on this organ’s surface are presented on Langerhans cells | skin |
| A mutation in the ABCA12 gene causes the “harlequin” type of a disease affecting this organ in infants | skin |
| Benzoyl peroxide is used to treat conditions of this organ. | skin |
| Keratinocytes form the top layer of this organ, and sebaceous glands secrete oily matter that covers this organ | skin |
| As with basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, the risk of this disease is increased by xeroderma pigmentosum. | skin |
| It's not the pancreas, but this organ's stratum spinosum contains Merkel and Langerhans cells | skin |
| It's not the pancreas, but this organ's stratum spinosum contains Merkel and Langerhans cells | skin |
| One disorder of this organ is often treated with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide | skin |
| Basal cell carcinoma is a common type of cancer that affects this organ, which can also be afflicted by psoriasis and (*) eczema | skin |
| In humans, large amounts of 7-dehydrocholesterol are stored in this organ | skin |
| In this organ, Schwann cells create a layer of myelin over a certain type of cell | brain |
| The cavity in which this organ resides is filled with (*) cerebrospinal fluid to protect it and remove waste. | brain |
| This organ contains the limbic system, which includes the amygdala | brain |
| Examination of a patient nicknamed “Tan” allowed Paul Broca to determine the function of his namesake area in this organ, which is connected by the arcuate fasciculus to Wernicke’s area. | brain |
| This organ is connected to the spinal cord by the medulla oblongata, part of its namesake (*) stem | brain |
| Phineas Gage suffered an accidental injury to this organ, which is divided by the corpus callosum and surrounded by three membranes known as meninges | brain |
| Vasospasm in this organ is treated with the drug nimodipine | brain |
| A disorder of this organ involves a microtubule-associated protein forming “fibrillary tangles | brain |
| This organ contains the pons and the medulla oblongata | brain |
| The outermost “marginal zone” of this organ contains the reelin-producing Cajal-Retzius cells | brain |
| This organ is surrounded by the pia mater, a delicate membrane that is the innermost of the three meninges that surround it | brain |
| Areas named for Wernicke and Broca are found in this organ, which also contains an almond-shaped area that is involved in fear conditioning. | brain |
| One structure located in this organ is divided into sections called the lentiform nucleus and the claustrum | brain |
| One section of this organ has some of its parts separated by structures such as the longitudinal fissure and the central and lateral sulcus | brain |
| That section of this organ contains the previously mentioned basal ganglia and has increased surface area due to convolutions | brain |
| This organ contains the limbic system, whose parts include the hippocampus (“HIP-oh-CAM-pus”) and the amygdala | brain |
| Meningitis (“men-in-JIE-tiss”) is an inflammation of a set of membranes surrounding this organ | brain |
| The ampulla of Vater is formed by the common bile duct and a duct named for this organ, which is also known as the duct of Wirsung | pancreas |
| This organ's duct of Wirsung drains through the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum | pancreas |
| Like the stomach and intestines, this organ can develop gastrinomas | pancreas |
| Amylin and glucagon are produced by beta and alpha cells in this organ's (*) Islets of Langerhans, which helps promote stability of blood glucose levels. | pancreas |
| Epsilon cells produce ghrelin, the “hunger hormone” in this organ | pancreas |
| Most people lack this organ’s duct of Santorini and its duct of (*) Wirsung drains through the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum | pancreas |
| This organ’s namesake lipase hydrolyzes triglyceride substrates into monoglycerides and free fatty acids | pancreas |
| For some people, the duct of Santorini connects this organ to a part of the small intestine, the duodenum | pancreas |
| One of the hormones secreted by this organ causes the degradation of glycogen into glucose, while another hormone secreted by this organ does the opposite | pancreas |
| This organ responds to cholecystokinin [ko⋅luh⋅sis⋅tuh⋅kai⋅nun] by releasing inactive enzymes through the ampulla of Vater. | pancreas |
| This organ secretes ghrelin through its epsilon cells, while centroacinar and acinar cells compose this organ’s exocrine gland. | pancreas |
| In this organ, epsilon cells produce the “hunger hormone”, ghrelin, while acinar cells compose this organ’s exocrine gland. | pancreas |
| This organ’s Duct of Santorini isn’t present in most people, and its Duct of Wirsung empties its contents into the (*) duodenum. | pancreas |
| Trypsinogen, amylase, and lipase are found in its namesake juice | pancreas |
| Cancer affecting this organ is often called painless jaundice | pancreas |
| This gland releases enzymes through the Duct of Wirsung that exits at the duodenum, and it contains endocrine cells called the Islets of Langerhans, which release hormones including glucagon | pancreas |
| This organ has cells called alpha, beta, gamma and delta that produce important hormones such as glucagon. | pancreas |
| The point at which the main duct of this organ and the common bile duct meet is known as the Ampulla of Vater | pancreas |
| These organs are the primary source of the angiotensin [an-jee-oh-TEN-sin]-converting enzyme | Lungs |
| The collapse of these organs is called atelectasis [at-uh-LEK-tuh-siss] and can be caused by a lack of surfactants | Lungs |
| These organs have oblique fissures on both sides but a horizontal fissure only on the right side, so there are three lobes on the right one of these organs and two on the left. | Lungs |
| These organs are in pleural [“plural”] sacs These organs expand when the diaphragm contracts. | Lungs |
| In humans, these organs have five lobes and are surrounded by a (*) pleural membrane | Lungs |
| Emphysema and COPD primarily affect these organs, which are surrounded by the pleural membrane. | Lungs |
| These organs secrete pulmonary surfactant to decrease the surface tension of their alveoli. | Lungs |
| Though not the kidney, angiotensin-converting enzyme is found in the capillaries of this organ. | Lungs |
| This organ is surrounded by the pleural membrane. | Lungs |
| Stacks of hemolymph-containing tissue in (*) arachnids compose the “book” form of this organ | Lungs |
| Premature infants unable to produce enough surfactant in this organ can develop hyaline membranes. | Lungs |
| In response to low serum sodium, this organ secretes ACE, converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, raising blood (*) pressure. | Lungs |
| This organ contains bitter taste receptors which convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II | Lungs |
| This organ contains a hilum that connects the parietal and visceral pleural membranes, and the severity of a disease affecting it is assessed by a spirometer | Lungs |
| That disease, involving the breakdown of this organ tissues, is known as emphysema | Lungs |
| The collapse of certain structures in these organs is prevented by a surfactant produced by cells in those structures. | Lungs |
| This organ is surrounded by the pleural membrane. Intercostal muscles and the diaphragm permit proper function of this organ. | Lungs |
| Spiders possess a book form of this organ in their abdomens | Lungs |
| Emphysema is caused by obstruction of these organs, which expand when the diaphragm generates negative pressure | Lungs |
| Bronchi are main tubes entering these organs whose alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. | Lungs |
| During this organ's development, the foramen ovale (for-AIM-en oh-VAL-ee) may fail to close, which could lead to an increase in the chance of stroke | heart |
| Chordae tendineae (KOR-ai TEN-din-ai) connect the papillary muscles of this organ to both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve | heart |
| The absence of P waves in an EKG can be a signal of ventricular tachycardia (TAK-ik-ARD-ee-uh) in this organ | heart |
| The action of this organ is portrayed by the Wiggers diagram, and its homeostasis is regulated by the baroreflex and the Frank-Starling Law | heart |
| It’s not the kidney, but ACE inhibitors can treat acute failure of this organ, which secretes the natriuretic peptides ANP and BNP | heart |
| impulses to this organ’s apex are transmitted through bundle branches and Purkinje fibers from the (*) SA node. | heart |
| Blood leaving this organ’s right ventricle is transported through the pulmonary artery to the lungs | heart |
| Q, R, and S waves are produced by this organ in a complex that measures ventricular depolarization | heart |
| Purkinje fibers and the SA node help with electrical conduction in this organ | heart |
| The diastole (di-AA-stoh-lee) and systole (SIS-toh-lee) of this organ produce the QRS complex on EKG readings. | heart |
| Purkinje (purr-KIN-jee) fibers in this organ transfer electrical signals around this organ | heart |
| The tricuspid and mitral (*) valves in this organ control flow between the upper and lower parts of this organ, which are four chambers called atria and ventricles. | heart |
| Purkinje (pur-KIN-jee) fibers transmit electrical signals through this organ | heart |
| This organ contains a bicuspid valve and a tricuspid valve, and it can be regulated by artificial (*) pacemakers | heart |
| One function of this organ is characterized by P and T waves and peaks at the QRS complex | heart |
| This organ contains the Bundle of His, and normal function of this organ is maintained by (*) Purkinje fibers | heart |
| This organ's foramen ovale closes immediately after birth, as it is among two fetal shunts that bypass the (*) lungs to bring blood here | heart |
| In this organ, branches of the bundle of His transfer action potentials to control the rate of contraction. | heart |
| It’s not the Aorta, but Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four congenital defects in this organ | heart |
| This structure in fetuses contains the foramen ovale, and trabeculae carneae are muscular projections in this organ | heart |
| This organ is affected by Wolff Parkinson White syndrome, one of the preexcitation syndromes | heart |
| P Waves and the QRS complex correspond to depolarization of parts of this organ, whose Bundle of His sends signals to Purkinje fibers via gap junctions between cells | heart |
| This structure’s normal function is affected by Brugada syndrome, and its performance is measured by the stroke volume | heart |
| A “geographic” pattern of patches can appear on this organ due to leukoplakia | tongue |
| This organ’s frenulum is tied to another body part in ankyloglossia, and a protruding one is symptomatic of (*) Down syndrome. | tongue |
| It is not a tail, but chameleons possess a prehensile one of these organs that is covered in spiny papillae to assist cats with grooming | tongue |
| This structure is innervated by cranial nerves VII(seven) and IX(nine), while the muscles associated with it are controlled by cranial nerve XII (twelve) | tongue |
| The chemical menthol falsely triggers TRPM8 receptors on this organ, leading to a cooling sensation | tongue |
| That sensation is similar to the more commonly known chemical (*) capsaicin, which produces a sensation of heat on this organ | tongue |
| An abnormality in the shape of the frenulum that anchors this organ causes ankyloglossia. | tongue |
| This organ is innervated by the lingual and facial nerves and contains the hyoglossus and styloglossus muscles. | tongue |
| Climbing fibers are a series of neuronal projections from the medulla’s inferior olivary nucleus that form connections with cells in this organ; those cells are called (*) Purkinje cells | cerebellum |
| The Fastigial, Interposed, and Dentate nuclei make up the “deep” nuclei of this organ, which is located under the Cerebrum | cerebellum |
| Outputs from this structure are passed through “deep nuclei” named for it | cerebellum |
| Mossy fibers are one method of inputs into this structure | cerebellum |
| This structure is divided into three parts including the midline vermis, lesions of which will cause problems with stance and gait | cerebellum |
| The tiny granules in the inner layer of this structure communicate through parallel fibers to Purkinje cells. | cerebellum |
| Chiari malformations are structural defects in this structure | cerebellum |
| The primary cells of this structure receive weak signals from the parallel fibers of granule cells and strong signals from climbing fibers. | cerebellum |
| When this structure is attacked by anti-Yo antibodies, (*) Purkinje cells are destroyed. | cerebellum |
| The substantia nigra is located in this structure’s basal ganglia | cerebellum |
| Damage to this brain structure is tested the same way as drunkenness, due to its function in language, attention, and motor control | cerebellum |
| Climbing fibers stimulate the Purkinje cells that make up much of this feature, and damage to it can result in ataxia | cerebellum |
| It is made up of tightly folded gray matter, and its functions include processing language and managing attention | cerebellum |
| The Marr-Albus theory applies to this human organ; though located in the medulla oblongata | cerebellum |
| the inferior olives provide inputs to this organ, so do mossy fibers. Three lobes can be seen in this organ, and the vermis is located between the two hemispheres of this organ | cerebellum |
| Some of the largest neurons, the Purkinje cells, and the smallest, the granule cells, are found here. | cerebellum |
| Lesions in this organ can cause dysmetria or other forms of ataxia, which are mostly motor-related. For 10 points, identify this organ located just below the cerebrum in humans whose name means “little brain” in Latin. | cerebellum |
| Marr-Albus theory says that climbing fibers in this structure provide a teaching signal to its Purkinje [“purr-kin-gee”] cells | cerebellum |
| Several diseases of this organ present Hürthle (“hurth-lee”) cells, which can nearly exclusively only have mitochondria. | thyroid |
| Yersinia enterocolitica and the Epstein-Barr virus are thought to trigger (*) Grave’s Disease, an autoimmune disease of this organ. | thyroid |
| This organ names a class of two hormones abbreviated T3 (“tee-three”) and T4 | thyroid |
| Goiter results from the enlargement of this organ, largely due to iodine deficiencies, is why many countries mandate salt be iodized | thyroid |
| A peroxidase in this organ is targeted by antibodies in Hashimoto’s disease, and a receptor in this organ is targeted in Graves’ disease | thyroid |
| This organ secretes the hormones T3 and T4 | thyroid |
| Parafollicular cells in this organ secrete (*) calcitonin, which is opposed by PTH. | thyroid |
| A transporter in this organ is blocked by pertechnetate | thyroid |
| Exophthalmos, or eye-popping, is a symptom of one autoimmune condition affecting this organ | thyroid |
| A peroxidase in this organ is targeted by antibodies in Hashimoto’s disease, and a (*) receptor in this organ is targeted in Graves’ disease. | thyroid |
| This organ secretes the hormones T·3 and T·4. C cells in this organ secrete calcitonin, which is opposed by P·T·H | thyroid |
| Overactivity of this organ is treated with the administration of PTU, which blocks this organ’s namesake peroxidase | thyroid |
| An autoimmune disorder that leads to the activation of cytotoxic T-cells against this organ is named for (*) Hashimoto | thyroid |
| The underactivity of this organ causes cretinism | thyroid |
| Target tissues of this gland convert its hormone to a more active form through the removal of an atom of iodine, | thyroid |
| This gland may have an extra lobe called Lalouette pyramid | thyroid |
| The two main hormones this gland produces are both derivatives of tyrosine | thyroid |
| Underactivity in this gland in utero can cause (*) Hashimoto’s disease, while overactivity can cause Grave’s disease. | thyroid |
| Hurthle cells can be indicative of either cancer of this organ or an autoimmune disease named for a Japanese physician | thyroid |
| The parafollicular cells of this organ release a hormone that counteracts PTH by lowering blood calcium levels | thyroid |
| A disease of this organ can be indicated by low levels of TSH and (*) eye-popping | thyroid |
| This structure is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the ligament of Berry, and mutations in the CTLA-4 gene can trigger T-cells to attack this structure’s Hürthle cells in another autoimmune disease | thyroid |
| During development of the fetus, this structure begins at a duct in the foramen cecum region of the tongue. | thyroid |
| One condition where this structure is overactive is known as Graves disease. | thyroid |
| Parafollicular cells in this structure produce a substance that reduces the level of calcium two plus ions in the blood, while the two main hormones produced in this structure are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. | thyroid |
| Sheehan syndrome is a condition affecting this structure due to hemorrhaging during childbirth, which is located within the sphenoid bone | pituitary |
| Diabetes insipidus is caused by a malfunction in this organ which secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone from its anterior lobe and oxytocin from its posterior lobe | pituitary |
| Acromegaly can result from an overproduction of growth hormone from this organ, while another disease in this organ results from an underproduction of (*) vasopressin | pituitary |
| The anterior lobe of this organ secretes the protein prolactin which controls lactation | pituitary |
| The posterior lobe of this organ is made of axons that store and release hormones such as vasopressin and oxytocin. | pituitary |
| This gland is controlled by signals from the neighboring hypothalamus and releases growth hormone | pituitary |
| It's located at the base of the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone | pituitary |
| A tumor on it leads to Cushing’s disease due to an excess of (*) cortisol in the body | pituitary |
| The posterior portion of this organ stores oxytocin and prolactin. | pituitary |
| This structure regulates ovulation by secretion of FSH and LH after it is activated by GNRH | pituitary |
| Abnormal levels of chemicals produced by this organ can result in Sheehan’s syndrome and diabetes insipidus | pituitary |
| In embryos, part of this structure forms from a depression in the roof of the mouth called Rathke’s Pouch | pituitary |
| This organ is separated into the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis, the latter of which produces endorphins in addition to gonadotropins like luteinizing hormone and (*) follicle-stimulating hormone | pituitary |
| Childbirth and breastfeeding are regulated by the oxytocin produced by the posterior lobe of this gland | pituitary |
| This organ develops from the remains of Rathke’s pouch, and Sheehan’s syndrome leads to a decrease in the functionality of this organ in women who have recently given birth. | pituitary |
| This organ stores vasopressin, and one disorder in this organ known as acromegaly results from the overproduction of a certain chemical | pituitary |
| This organ stores vasopressin, and one disorder in this organ known as acromegaly results from the overproduction of a certain chemical. | pituitary |
| This organ releases a chemical known for the positive feedback loop it creates during uterine contractions, and this organ produces oxytocin in its posterior lobe, which is separated from its anterior lobe. | pituitary |
| The pars distalis and pars tuberalis are part of the adeno- section of this organ. | pituitary |
| This structure is located in the sella turcica and is the site of intermedin synthesis | pituitary |
| This organ receives secretions from the paraventricular nucleus, and one of its functions is promoted by GnRH | pituitary |
| A malfunction of its (*) neurohypophysis can lead to diabetes insipidus, which is caused by insufficient release of vasopressin from it. | pituitary |
| Responsible for the secretion of ADH and oxytocin, for 10 points, name this endocrine gland that is important in homeostasis and sex development. | pituitary |
| This organ contains a cup-like sac called Bowman's capsule, which contains the glomerulus | Kidney |
| The U-shaped portion of the connecting tubule between the functional units of this organ is called the loop of Henle. | Kidney |
| The functional units of these organs are called (*) nephrons | Kidney |
| Dialysis filters the blood and prevents sepsis when these organs fail | Kidney |
| The function of this organ can be determined by measuring levels of serum creatinine | Kidney |
| This organ hydroxylates calcifediol to produce (*) calcitriol, or vitamin D. | Kidney |
| The main function of these organs are performed in the glomerulus, which are located at the beginning of a nephron | Kidney |
| These organs may have their function substituted through dialysis, and are each connected to a ureter | Kidney |
| This organ secretes vasopressin and renin, and it includes capillary networks surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule in its (*) nephrons. | Kidney |
| Ureters bring urine from this organ to the bladder | Kidney |
| One structure in this organ has an ascending and descending limb that are, respectively, impermeable and permeable to water; that structure is the Loop of Henle. | Kidney |
| The adrenal glands are located above this organ. | Kidney |
| The functional unit of this organ is the (*) nephron, and failure of this organ may necessitate dialysis | Kidney |
| This paired organ filters blood to produce urine that is then sent to the bladder. | Kidney |
| In children, this organ can be scarred in Alport Syndrome or can form a Wilms’ tumor. | Kidney |
| Vasopressin and renin are secreted by this organ, which includes capillary networks surrounded by a Bowman’s capsule in its (*) nephrons | Kidney |
| Ureters bring urine from this organ to the bladder | Kidney |
| The hormone ADH causes this organ to express aquaporins. | Kidney |
| The countercurrent multiplication system of this organ’s Loop of Henle is used to generate a concentration gradient of ions in this organ’s medulla. | Kidney |
| This organ’s functional unit is called a (*) nephron | Kidney |
| The adrenal glands are right above these organs. | Kidney |
| This organ contains Bowman’s Capsule, which filters out proteins from the glomerulus as part of the nephron | Kidney |
| This organ concentrates salt and reabsorbs water in a structure called the loop of Henle | Kidney |
| This organ, which produces the enzyme renin, can create a namesake (*) stone from the results of processing urine. | Kidney |
| It’s not the liver, but erythropoietin is produced in this organ, and prolactin increases its synthesis of calcitriol | Kidney |
| Neural signals from this organ travel to the (*) T10 and T11 vertebrae in humans, and ultrafiltration occurs at its Bowman’s capsules | Kidney |
| This organ is found below the adrenal gland, and a concentration gradient is created by its Loops of Henle | Kidney |
| The functional unit of this organ, in which solutes are forced by the (*) glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule, is called a nephron | Kidney |
| In this organ, the ascending and descending portions of the Loop of Henle concentrate salt in the interstitium | Kidney |
| This organ absorbs vitamin B12 through a glycoprotein called its intrinsic factor | stomach |
| The pyloric sphincter connects this organ to the small intestine | stomach |
| Through its enterochromaffin-like cells, this organ secretes histamine in response to the production of (*) gastrin which is secreted by its G-cells | stomach |
| Chief cells in this organ produce digestive enzymes like pepsin, whereas its parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid | stomach |
| Barry Marshall won a Nobel Prize for his research on this organ, in which he drank a bacteria called H. pylori and discovering that it caused ulcers to form in it. | stomach |
| This organ creates chyme out of molecules that arrive from the esophagus to it | stomach |
| A layer of mucus helps protect this organ from the (*) hydrochloric acid that breaks apart proteins before they enter the intestines | stomach |
| H. pylori is a bacterium commonly found in this organ | stomach |
| This organ, which is the site of chief cells, also contains parietal cells that secrete intrinsic factor | stomach |
| Foveolar cells produce the mucus that lines the inner walls of this organ, which protect the tissue of this organ from (*) hydrochloric acid | stomach |
| One infection of this organ can be identified by the presence of urea in a patient’s breath | stomach |
| Enterochromaffin- like cells in this organ secrete histamine in response to a hormone secreted by this organ's G cells | stomach |
| Intrinsic factor is secreted by this organ's parietal cells. Helicobacter pylori creates ulcers in this organ, in which zymogenic chief cells secrete (*) pepsinogen | stomach |
| Chyme is created in this organ, which is lined by a layer of mucus | stomach |
| The pyloric sphincter connects this organ to the small intestine. Gastrin promotes the release of hydrochloric acid in this organ | stomach |
| Enterochromaffin-like [en-TAY-ro-kro-MAF-fin] cells in this organ produce histamine | stomach |
| One end of this organ is the (*) pyloric sphincter, which leads to the duodenum | stomach |
| This organ uses pepsin to break down proteins | stomach |
| This organ contains a region called the fundus, and intrinsic factor is released from this organ’s parietal cells to help absorb Vitamin B12 | stomach |
| This organ is targeted by the bacteria H. pylori | stomach |
| This organ contains folds called (*) rugae, and chyme passes from this organ into the duodenum | stomach |
| Ménétrier's disease is associated with protein loss and halted production within this organ, along with the excessive secretion of transforming growth factor alpha in this organ’s mucosa. | stomach |
| . Though not the parathyroid, chief cells in this organ secrete chymosin for newborns to curdle milk. | stomach |
| An upward bulge in this organ called the fundus is lined with glands containing (*) parietal cells, which secrete a protein that aids vitamin B12 absorption, called intrinsic factor, along with hydrochloric acid. | stomach |
| Chyme in this organ passes through the pyloric sphincter in order to reach the small intestine | stomach |
| Chyme in this organ passes through the pyloric sphincter in order to reach the small intestine | stomach |
| This anatomical component uses (*) pepsin as a breakdown agent, and also contains hydrochloric acid which kills microorganisms | stomach |
| An “alkaline tide” occurs when bicarbonate secreted in this organ causes an increase in blood pH. | stomach |
| An “alkaline tide” occurs when bicarbonate secreted in this organ causes an increase in blood pH. | stomach |
| The fundus of this organ contains cells that secrete intrinsic factor for the absorption of vitamin B12, and this organ contains folds called rugae that allow it to expand | stomach |
| Chief cells in the walls of this organ secrete (*) pepsinogen, which serves as a precursor to another aspartic protease [PRO-TEE-ASE] found in it | stomach |
| Ulcers in this organ are caused by the bacteria H. pylori. | stomach |
| Histamine is released from the enterochromaffin-like cells of this organ | stomach |
| A compound required for Vitamin B12 synthesis, the intrinsic factor, is released from this organ’s (*) parietal cells | stomach |
| Pepsinogen is released by the gastric chief cells of this organ, which releases chyme into the small intestine | stomach |
| This organ’s muscle is surrounded and controlled by ortho sympathetic and parasympathetic plexuses. | stomach |
| Canaliculi help expand the surface area of this organ’s parietal cells, which release intrinsic factor to facilitate the absorption of vitamin B12 | stomach |
| olds called rugae allow this organ to expand or contract, and its chief cells secrete (*) pepsinogen, an inactive molecule that is later converted into the enzyme pepsin | stomach |
| A disease affecting this organ causes an overproduction of mucus and an overall enlargement of the organ as a whole and is known as Ménétrier disease | stomach |
| Necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12, a glycoprotein, intrinsic factor, is produced by this organ’s parietal cells | stomach |
| Rennin or chymosin is an enzyme obtained from this organ in newborn ruminant animals and is used in cheesemaking | stomach |
| Though its not the tongue, this organ has receptors which allow it to “taste” sodium glutamate and its volume increases when the rugae are stretched | stomach |
| Parietal cells in this entity release an intrinsic factor necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12, and this entity converts boluses into chyme, which then passes through the pyloric sphincter into the (*) duodenum. | stomach |
| Because pepsinogen, an enzyme found in this organ, is activated by an acidic environment, signals from the vagus nerve trigger the release of HCl from the lining of this organ when food is ingested | stomach |
| One section of this is a sack called the greater omentum. It is divided into four sections, each of which has a specific function. | stomach |
| The fundus is formed by the upper curvature of this organ | stomach |
| The pylorus or antrum is the lower section of the organ that facilitates (*) emptying the contents into the small intestine | stomach |
| The cardia is where the contents of the esophagus empty into the stomach | stomach |
| The antral region of this organ is the common target of Helicobacter pylori | stomach |
| It can contract into folds called rugae, and its volume can range from forty-five milliliters to one liter. | stomach |
| Its chief cells produce pepsin, while its parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid. | stomach |
| The presence of multiple small instances of this organ characterizes Chaudhary’s Disease | spleen |
| Howell-Jolly bodies are remnants of nuclei of a type of cell typically destroyed in this organ | spleen |
| It’s not the liver, but this organ contains Malpighian corpuscles to help produce white blood cells | spleen |
| This organ’s (*) Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheaths, or PALS, make up this organ’s white pulp, and it also contains red pulp. | spleen |
| The removal of this organ often produces a high number of nuclear remnants called Howell-Jolly bodies | spleen |
| One test for assessing the size of this organ involves the sound that results from percussing Castell’s point | spleen |
| It’s not the liver, but the Epstein-Barr virus can cause this organ to swell | spleen |
| Structures called PALS in this organ make up its (*) Malpighian corpuscles | spleen |
| The marginal zone of this organ divides it into white pulp and red pulp | spleen |
| name this immune system organ that destroys old red blood cells and is enlarged during mononucleosis. | spleen |
| This structure produces the immunostimulatory protein tuftsin, and the Warren shunt connects this structure with the kidney. | spleen |
| Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths compose much of one portion of this organ | spleen |
| This organ may be absent in patients with Ivemark syndrome, and it is enlarged in patients with Banti's syndrome | spleen |
| Part of this organ is composed of cords of Billroth, which are rich in monocytes, and the marginal zone separates its two main tissue components. | spleen |
| it's not the kidney, but this organ's Malpighian corpuscles are known to synthesize antibodies | spleen |
| The cords of Billroth are near its sinusoid vessels and it also contains the linear hilum | spleen |
| Gaucher’s disease can affect this organ, which contains the Malpighian corpuscles and is connected to the lienal artery by the reticulum | spleen |
| Composed of red and white pulp, its functions include the creation of red blood cells before birth and lymphocyte production throughout life | spleen |
| This organ contains masses of lymphatic tissue known as Peyer’s patches | small intestine |
| This organ’s surface area is increased by finger like villi that can be blunted by celiac disease | small intestine |
| This organ, which receives chyme through the pyloric (*) sphincter, consists of the ileum, jejunum, and duodenum | small intestine |
| name this digestive organ that is found between the stomach and a related, larger organ. | small intestine |
| The enzyme AAP and the protein RBP2 play important roles in the function of this organ | small intestine |
| The production of bicarbonate in the pancreas is stimulated by a hormone produced in the S glands of this organ | small intestine |
| Brunner’s glands produce a mucus-like secretion in this organ, where Secretin is also produced | small intestine |
| Finger-like extensions known as villi increase the absorbent surface of this organ, which receives bile stored in the gallbladder | small intestine |
| The jejunum, the ileum, and the duodenum comprise, for 10 points, what very long organ that absorbs nutrients from chyme, which it receives from the stomach? | small intestine |
| This organ contains masses of lymphatic tissue known as Peyer’s patches | small intestine |
| Brunner’s glands secrete an alkaline substance to protect the lining of this organ, which receives chyme through the pyloric sphincter | small intestine |
| This organ’s surface area is increased by fingerlike (*) villi that can be blunted by celiac disease. | small intestine |
| Brunner glands are found in this organ and function to protect it from low Ph values | small intestine |
| Consumption of gluten in patients with Celiac disease causes villous atrophy of this organ | small intestine |
| The sphincter of Oddi relaxes to allow pancreatic juice and bile to flow into this organ, and the pyloric sphincter moves the contents of the (*) stomach into the duodenum of this organ | small intestine |
| The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of digestive juices from the pancreas to this organ. | small intestine |
| The most common type of Crohn's Disease causes inflammation of one part of this organ, a condition known as (*) ileocolitis | small intestine |
| Some cells in this organ use microvilli in order to increase surface area for absorption | small intestine |
| Other parts of this organ include the jejunum and duodenum. | small intestine |
| In one section of it, pH is regulated by the secretion of bicarbonate from Brunner’s glands | small intestine |
| Cholera infection causes the effusion of sodium and chloride ions into the lumen of this organ where Vitamin B12 is (*) absorbed | small intestine |
| SMA syndrome is a disorder in which this structure is compressed by the superior mesenteric artery | small intestine |
| The ampulla of Vater is located in one section of this organ, and Brunner’s glands, which protect this organ’s lining, lie above its (*) sphincter of Oddi. | small intestine |
| Peyer’s patches are masses of lymphatic tissue found in one region of this organ, and the pyloric sphincter leads into this organ. | small intestine |
| Nervous system elements found in this organ include Auerbach's plexus and Meissner's plexus, and an alkaline environment is maintained in this organ by its Brunner's glands | small intestine |
| A birth defect resulting in a bulge in this organ is Meckel's diverticulum, and this organ is protected by lymphocytes secreted by Peyer's Patches. | small intestine |
| Bile is moved into this organ through the Sphincter of Oddi, and the surface area of this organ is increased by small projections called villi | small intestine |
| name this organ divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the site of nutrient absorption that is contrasted with its "large" neighbor. | small intestine |
| Enteropeptidase is released in this organ from the crypts of Lieberkühn | small intestine |
| In this organ, the zymogen chymotrypsinogen is cleaved by trypsin. Here, cholesterol and apoprotein help form chylomicrons | small intestine |
| In humans, the Brunner’s glands of this organ release class III mucin glycoproteins mixed with small amounts of bicarbonate | small intestine |
| In this organ, lymphatic capillaries known as lacteals make up the core of villi, which line this organ’s mucosa layer | small intestine |
| The pyloric sphincter opens to the duodenum at the entrance of this organ, which contains the jejunum and ileum | small intestine |
| The crypts of Lieberkühn in this organ contain Paneth cells, which fight infection | small intestine |
| The presence of lymph nodes known as Peyer's patches distinguishes one section of it. | small intestine |
| The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of secretions like bile and amylase from the liver and pancreas to this organ in a manner mediated by (*) cholecystokinin | small intestine |
| Like the esophagus, it undergoes smooth-muscle contractions called peristalsis | small intestine |
| The name "brush border" refers to the surface of its epithelium, which is covered in microvilli to increase nutrient absorption. | small intestine |
| The falciform ligament attaches this organ to the wall of the abdomen | liver |
| Macrophages in this organ that break down red blood cells are called Kupffer cells | liver |
| The Cori cycle delivers lactic acid (*) from the muscles to this organ | liver |
| A potential complication of alcoholism is the scarring of this organ, a disease called cirrhosis | liver |
| name these organs located under the adrenal glands, which produce urine. | liver |
| In the first stage of the RAAS [ras], renin cleaves a protein secreted by this organ; that protein is angiotensinogen | liver |
| Around 75% of this organ’s blood flow comes through the portal vein | liver |
| The mononuclear phagocyte system is partly composed of monocytes, macrophages, and the (*) Kupffer [koop-fer] cells of this organ | liver |
| Hepatitis is defined as the inflammation of this organ’s tissue. | liver |
| This organ’s quadrate and caudate lobes are divided by the Cantlie [“cant-lie”] line | liver |
| Ito cells located in the space of Disse [“dees-uh”] in this organ store Vitamin A inside | liver |
| This organ receives deoxygenated blood from the portal vein | liver |
| Lactate is converted to (*) glucose in this organ during the Cori cycle. | liver |
| Viruses labeled with the letters A through E cause inflammation of this organ in hepatitis | liver |
| The gallbladder stores bile created by this organ | liver |
| This organ is attached to the body wall by the falciform ligament, which separates it into two lobes. | liver |
| Excessive alcohol consumption can cause this organ to become scarred and lose function, a condition called (*) cirrhosis | liver |
| This organ can become inflamed in hepatitis, | liver |
| Cholangiocytes (“cole-AN-jee-oh-sites”) line certain ducts in this organ, which make up this organ’s triads | liver |
| In the Cori cycle, lactate is transported to this organ. Ascites (“uh-SITE-eez”) results from backup of blood flow into this organ. | liver |
| Hemoglobin is converted to stercobilin and bilirubin in this organ | liver |
| This organ’s namesake (*) portal vein joins the inferior vena cava | liver |
| It’s not the kidney, but urea (“yoo-REE-uh”) is produced from ammonia primarily in this organ | liver |
| One product of this organ which emulsifies lipids is stored in the neighboring gallbladder | liver |
| This organ’s round ligament is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein. | liver |
| This organ is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and lies on top of the (*) gallbladder. | liver |
| Blood leaving the digestive tract is first brought to this organ by the portal vein where this organ filters out toxins before the blood reaches systemic circulation | liver |
| The blood then leaves this largest internal organ via the hepatic vein. | liver |
| Gilbert’s [jheel-BEAR’s] syndrome causes this organ to have difficulty processing a compound produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin | liver |
| The Ito [EE-toe] cells in this organ store vitamin A in a region between the sinusoids and hepatocytes known as the space of Disse | liver |
| Though not the brain, (*) Wilson’s disease causes a buildup of copper in this organ, and star-shaped cells in this organ are responsible for removing particulate contaminants from the blood and are known as Kupffer cells. | liver |
| Blockage of this organ blood supply results in Budd-Chiari syndrome | liver |
| Regions of this organ are demarcated using the Couinaud system and lobules in this organ are contained within Glisson’s capsules | liver |
| The ligamentum venosum of this organ forms the left boundary of its caudate lobe. | liver |
| This organ is responsible for angiotensin production (*) and is the site of gluconeogenesis | liver |
| Kupffer cells in this organ’s sinusoids engulf red blood cells by phagocytosis | liver |
| This organ receives blood from the portal vein, and it breaks down bilirubin to form bile | liver |
| Scar tissue can build up in (*) cirrhosis of this organ, which can be caused by hepatitis | liver |
| The Ito [EE-toe] cells of this organ are located in the space of Disse and hold vitamin A | liver |
| The function of this organ is tested by measuring serum albumin level, and it possesses special macrophages called Kupffer cells. | liver |
| It is able to take pyruvic (*) acid to perform the reverse reaction of glycolysis, gluco-neo-genesis. | liver |
| In first-trimester fetuses, this organ is the site of erythrocyte production, while in all humans it synthesizes serum albumin and cholesterol and is the site of most glycogen storage | liver |
| Like the kidney, this organ possesses large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum because of its role in removing toxins from the body | liver |
| his organ converts glycogen into glucose and creates cholesterol | liver |
| Transplants of it were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and by Roy Calne in Cambridge, England, in 1963 and 1965, respectively. | liver |
| Signs of its damage include swelling of the abdomen, ankles, and feet because no albumin is made, and dark urine when (*) bilirubin mixes with urine | liver |
| It stores vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B12, iron, and copper. | liver |
| Its functions include detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion | liver |
| Aside from the “bare area” of this organ, it is covered entirely by visceral peritoneum | liver |
| This organ synthesizes angiotensinogen and, along with the kidney, is a major site of thrombopoietin production. | liver |
| It stores glycogen and, like muscles, it can also breaks down glycogen to glucose. | liver |
| Cholangiocytes in this organ are damaged in biliary atresia, and hemochromatosis causes a buildup of iron in this organ | liver |
| It is divided into left and right anatomical lobes by the falciform ligament, and it stores glycogen and vitamin K | liver |
| The gallbladder is located directly underneath it, and inflammation of this organ is called hepatitis and can lead to cirrhosis or scarring. | liver |
| Councilman bodies are cells of this organ which undergo apoptosis, and this organ is surrounded by Glisson’s capsule | liver |
| The falciform ligament runs down the middle of this organ, and erythrocytes can be broken down by its Kupffer cells | liver |
| This organ contains high levels of copper in Wilson’s Disease, and it also adds glucuronic acid to (*) bilirubin | liver |
| The site of gluconeogenesis and cholesterol synthesis, this organ also produces an enzyme which emulsifies fats and is stored in the gallbladder. | liver |
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