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PSYCH101
exam III
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prejudice | the "pre judgement" about a group of people. often based on inadequate information, and it's always unjustifiable because it doesn't apply to all people in the group |
| ingroup | identifying with a particular social group that is "like me" |
| ingroup bias | having negative bias towards those who belong to the outgroup |
| scapegoating | blaming powerless groups when things go wrong |
| social inequalities | developing prejudices against those of lower status to justify keeping things as they asre |
| categorization | classifying people into groups, which often leads to stereotyping |
| just-world phenomenon | believing that people get what they deserve, justifying prejudice against the unfortunate |
| vivid cases | forming attitudes toward a category of people based on the most memorable examples |
| hindsight bias | assuming that victims of bad events should have expected what was coming |
| group identification | developing favoritism toward people like us and prejudice toward the outgroup |
| elaine believes that the poor deserve poverty because they are lazy and have low morals | just-world phenomenon |
| eiko blames his town's economic problems on immigrants who are taking all the jobs | scapegoating |
| billy believes that his frat should get special treatment because the other frats are full of stupid people | group identification |
| rose doesn't pay her maid very well becuase they would just wast it on drinking | Social inequalities |
| sam doesn't try to learn the names of people of other races because they look alike anyways | categorization |
| alex doesn't donate to hurricane efforts because those who lost houses should have known better than to live by the ocean | hindsight bias |
| eli hat politicians. he can name several politicians who have been caught in scandals | vivid cases |
| self-disclosure | revealing important personal details to another person |
| passionate love | emotional arousal and sexual desire; typically in early stage of a romantic relationship |
| similarity | geographical closeness bringing people into frequent contact and increasing familiarity, liking, and attraction |
| ____ occurs when an expected reward decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior. | The overjustification effect |
| A phenomenon that occurs when a person's behavior provides information about what is good or right is called: | an informational influence |
| A norm refers to: | customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture. |
| a belief is | enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event. |
| When Tadashi's parents asked them whether they would jump off a bridge if all their friends were doing it, they were referring to Tadashi's susceptibility to: | conformity |
| Martina knows little about politics and is not especially interested in the outcomes of political races. Martina would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on _____ persuasion. | peripheral route |
| Miguel takes unusual delight in smoking cigarettes directly beneath a no smoking sign posted on an outdoor patio at his workplace. Miguel's behavior is BEST explained by the phenomenon of: | reactance |
| Barend steps into an elevator full of people and begins to talk on their cell phone very loudly. Barend might receive disapproving looks or comments from others on the elevator because: | he has violated a norm |
| who is most likely to engage in aggression | a male with unreasonably high self-esteem |
| research on sex differences in aggression has shown that males are | more likely than females to aggress physically but less likely to aggress socially |
| who does altruistic behavior benefir | others but not oneself |
| the idea that people behave in a way to harm others when their goals are obstructed is known as | the frustration-aggression hypothesis |
| the importance of cooperation is illustrated by the fact that the quality we want MOST in those around us is | trustworthiness |
| using the ____, it has been determined that people dislike unfairness so much that they are willing to get nothing in order to make sure that someone who has treated them unfairly gets nothing too | ultimatum game |
| is person is MOST likely to enter a long-term relationship with someone who is | similar in education and religion |
| The actor-observer effect documents that people tend to make ____ attributions for their own behaviors and ____ attributions for identical behaviors done by others | situational; dispositional |
| when someone makes an inference about why other behave as they do, that person is creating: | attributions |
| when people ____ the variability of human categories, they feel ____ in using stereotypes | underestimate; justified |
| the ___ is responsible for processing attitudes about people but not inanimate objectsGo | medial prefrontal cortex |
| is stanley milgram's experiments investigating obedience to authority, approximately ___ % of the participants delivered the HIGHEST level of shock | 60 |
| When an inconsistency feels justified, cognitive dissonnce | is reduced |
| free choice participants: what percentage chose 450 volts at least one time? | 1 to 10% |
| free choice participants: on average how intense was the shock they chose | 65-120 |
| Gordon Allport was the first to determine that | certain consistencies in a person's behavior may reflect some sort of inner psychological quality |
| The big five model seems to capture personality because | studies show that these descriptions show up over a wide range of cultures |
| A common focus of researchers interested in investigating personality is: | both prior events and anticipated events |
| The five-factor model of personality may be _____ in that it _____ across cultures and language. | universal; remains constant |
| The Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test are similar in that they are both _____ tests. | projective |
| A method called _____ consists of a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their behavior or mental state. | observation |
| Hakeem is a teen who has gotten into a great deal of trouble because they abuse animals and refuse to cooperate in school. Hakeem would likely have a low score on the Big Five dimension of: | agreeableness |
| The technique for measuring personality referred to as self-reporting consists of: | individuals answering questions about their behavior or mental state |
| Displacement | shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person |
| reaction formation | unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites |
| rationalization | offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions |
| psychoanalytic theory | personality theory that emphasizes unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood sexuality and relationships with; proposed by sigmund freud |
| psychodynamic theory | personality that builds on freud's ideas and focuses on the conscious and unconscious forces that control behavior; proposed by carl jung, karen horney, and alfred adler |
| humanistic theory | personality thoery that emphasizes the full richness of each individual human, inlcuding the potential for personal growth; proposed by abraham maslow and carl rogers |
| trait theory | personality theory that emphasizes enduring characteristics of a person's behavior, thought, and emotions across situations; proposed by allport, eysenck, costa, mcrae |
| social-cognitive theory | personality theory that emphasizes the interaction between a person's individual characteristics and the social environment; proposed by bandura |
| The question of whether behavior is influenced more by personality or social situations is known as: | person-situation controversy |
| With respect to William James's theory of self, I is to me as _____ is to _____. | consciousness; self-concept |
| According to evolutionary theory, _____ may have allowed humans who could get along well with others to determine how accepted they were by others. | self-esteemTheorists who support the _____ approach believe that the expression of personality behavior depends on personal constructs, outcome expectancies, and the locus of control. |
| Kalea was asked to identify whether a trait described them. According to the text, Kalea would probably compare the trait with their _____. | self-schema |
| When Lana asks Scott to tell them their favorite number, Scott responds with the number of the house where they grew up. This illustrates: | implicit egotism |
| The _____ assess people's tendencies toward clinical problems and evaluates general personality traits | MMPI-2-RF |
| How well supported are projective personality tests by research | not well supported |
| the two major kinds of measures used by psychologists to measure personality are: | personality inventories and projective techniques |
| since projective tests are based on ___, they are a controversial practice in psyhcology | the interpretation of the scorer |
| what is the drawback of personality inventories | people may not know themselves well enough to accurately report certain factors |
| Which statement regarding the trait approach to personality is true | traits are relatively consistent across a variety of settings |
| according to the ____ approach, needs, desires, and strivings that are outside of awareness shape personality | psychodynamic |
| according to freud, _____ are useful because they help people to overcome anxiety | defense mechanisms |
| according to psychodynamic approach, activities such as football and dancing are a form of __-__and allow unconscious wishes and desired to be transformed into socially acceptable behaviors | sublimation |
| according to freud, fixations occur throughout the psychosexual stages due to | either deprivation or overindulgence in pleasurable experiences at a given stage |
| example of displacement | getting a bad grade, spilling something on shirt and just a really bad day and then yelling at roommate because you see dirty dishes |
| what is the major drawback to the psychosexual stage theory | it offers after the fact interpretations rather than testable predictions |
| according to the humanistic approach, the last need humans pursue is that of | self actualization |
| existentialism proposes that an individual cope with life's anxieties by ____ | confronting and accepting that anxiety and fear of dying are part of life |
| what part of the brain is active when we make judgments about whether we possess certain personality traits | medial prefrontal cortex |
| Cyclothymic disorder: | alternating between mild manic episodes and relatively mild periods of depression |
| dysthymic disorder | persistent mild depression that can last for several years |
| Mental disorders that have emotional disturbance as their predominant feature are called _____ disorders. | mood |
| Which symptom does NOT pertain to schizophrenia? | mania |
| _____ is the MOST widely studied psychological disorder. | schizophrenia |
| People with schizophrenia demonstrate a severe and chronic loss of contact with reality called _____. | psychosis |
| Perception is to _____ as cognition is to _____. | hallucination; delusion |
| Hallucination is to delusion as: | perception to cognition |
| According to the text, there appears to be a relationship between biological changes in the brain, such as a dramatic loss of gray matter, and the progression of: | schizophrenia |
| A patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality is: | a delusion |
| Incoherent speech among unrelated topics is a _____ symptom of schizophrenia. Hearing voices is a _____ symptom. | disorganized; positive |
| In regards to biological sex, autism rates are four times higher among _____. | males |
| _____ personality disorder is in the odd/eccentric cluster. | schizotypal |
| The DSM–IV included Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. In the DSM–5-TR, these disorders are subsumed under the umbrella of _____ disorder. | autism spectrum |
| The three main categories of personality disorders in the DSM–5-TR are odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and _____. | anxious/inhibited |
| Carlos and Maria's child is about 3 years old. Their child rarely makes eye contact with them and seems lost in their own world. The child does not seem to make friends with other children. Her diagnosis is MOST likely to be _____ disorder. | autism |
| Studies suggest that a large percentage of prisoners have _____ personality disorder. | antisocial |
| Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme introversion and withdrawal from human relationships? | schizoid |
| Criminal psychopaths appear to show less activity in the _____ in response to negative emotional words than do noncriminals. | amygalda |
| Kaeden is a male infant. How much more likely is Kaeden to develop autism than his female infant cousin Jessica? | 4 times |
| Todd always acts in a grandiose way, seeking attention from others and displaying excessive enthusiasm. Todd is MOST likely to be displaying _____ personality disorder. | histrionic |
| Janice exhibits inflexible patterns of thinking and feeling, and a lack of impulse control to the point where it causes distress and impaired functioning. Janice is MOST likely suffering from a(n) _____ disorder. | personality |
| the RDoC model does NOT emphasize which basic psychological construct? | evolutionary |
| The ___ is the classification system used for diagnosis of psychological disorders | diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |
| which factor is central to qualifying a group of symptoms as a psychological disorder | the symptoms cans cause significant distress or impairment |
| within the RDoC matrix, which factor would be categorized as an "arousal and systems" construct | circadian rhythms |
| calling someone a schizophrenic or depressed focuses on a single attribute that an otherwise complex human being happens to have, thus reinforcing the dangers of _____ in the diagnostic process | labeling |
| corine has both anxiety and bipolar disorder, the co-occurance of the two are seen as | comorbidity |
| in the diathesis-stress model, the diathesis refers to an ____, and the stress refers to an ______ | internal predisposition; external trigger |
| _____ is a common complication of panic disorder | agoraphobia |
| which neurotransmitter seems to play a role in generalized anxiety disorder | GABA |
| an unusually small-sized ____ may be an indicator of a susceptibility to post traumatic stress disorder | hippocampus |
| people with PTSD show heightened activity in the amygalda and decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex | - |
| heritability estimates for major depression range with severity from | 35-50% |
| the average duration of a major depression episode is | 12 weeks |
| bipolar disorder has one of the ____ heritability rates | highest |
| the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin play a significant role in depression, as suggested by the effectiveness of drugs that increase levels of these chemicals in treating the disorder | .. |
| People have used psychoactive drugs to change or improve mental states since: | the beginning of recorded history |
| According to the American Psychological Association, well-established treatments are those: | those with a high level of empirical support |
| Psychologists have the same prescription privileges that psychiatrists do in _____ state(s). | 5 |
| A(n) _____ study is designed to measure if a treatment works and how well it works compared to another treatment or a control condition. | treatment outcome |
| Iatrogenic illness refers to a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of: | a medical or therapeutic treatment |
| _____ antipsychotic drugs, such as Zyprexa and Risperdal, are common treatments for schizophrenia because they help both positive and negative symptoms. | atypical |
| Data presented in the text indicate that annual fish consumption is _____ correlated to the annual prevalence of major depression in a given nation. | negatively |
| Which type of treatment illusion is characterized by clients' likelihood of thinking that the treatment was effective because they do not accurately remember the strength of their symptoms at the beginning of treatment versus the end of treatment? | reconstructive memory |
| Marissa is being treated for her hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thought processes with a psychotropic drug, _____, which selectively affects the levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine in Marissa's brain. | clozapine |
| which is NOT one of the most often reported explanations for why people fail to get treatment | there is a lack of systems or processes to help identify and diagnose disorders |
| approaches to treatment for mental disorders focus on ____ are becoming increasingly effective and widespread | the brain |
| the two main types of treatment for mental disorders are psychological interventions and | biological treatments |
| the goal of psychoanalysis is for the client to understand ___ by developing insight | the unconscious |
| eclectic psychotherapy is the MOST commonly used treatment among practicing therapists and involves | a variety of techniques depending on the client and the problem |
| what technique is often used for treating OCD | exposure and response prevention |
| the psychodynamic approach to therapy generally focuses on exploring ____ to develop insight to an individual's current psychological problems | childhood events |
| gestalt therapy | a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on insight into gestalts in patients and their relations to the world, and often uses role playing to aid the resolution of past conflicts |
| psychoanylsis | the type of therapy that is most likely to use free association and focus on early childhood events |
| which type of therapy assume that people are mostly good and are striving for personal improvement | humanistic |
| a token economy is a techique used primarily in | behavioral therapy |
| most tranquilizers used to reduce the experience of fear associated with anxiety work by acting on.... | GABA |
| ____ has been used to treat bipolar disorder but it has potentially serious side effect and required regular blood tests to make sure that the content of the medication in the blood is in a safe range | chlordiazepoxide |
| psychosurgeries targeting the cingulate gyrus and corpus callosum are used to treat severe cases of | OCD |
| which natural treatment has been useful in treating people with seasonal affective disorder | PHototherapy |
Created by:
zoeewith2es