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Chap 1 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the name of the period of change caused by industrialization, immigration, and urbanization after the Civil War? | Second Industrial Revolution |
| What drew immigrants to the United States between 1865 and 1920? | promise of finding work in the expanding American economy |
| What was the metaphor of the melting pot meant to convey? | people from many places became part of the same group - Americans |
| What difference would the metaphor of a salad or mosaic make? | people can keep their cultures and traditions and still be American. |
| What “pushed” Irish people to leave Ireland for the United States beginning in 1845? | potato blight and resulting lack of food. |
| In which cities did most Irish immigrants settle in the United States? | in Boston, New York, Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, and Chicago |
| Why did more than a million Germans immigrate to the United States between 1845 and 1855? | better jobs and better economic opportunities. Revolutions of 1848. |
| From which countries in southern and eastern Europe did immigrants come to the United States between 1880 and 1920? | Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and elsewhere. |
| Why did Jewish people immigrate to the United States? | escape poverty and religious persecution |
| What types of jobs did most immigrants take? | unskilled jobs for low pay |
| What does the Statue of Liberty’s torch symbolize? | Freedom |
| Where in the United States did nearly all Chinese immigrants live? | West Coast. |
| Why did the United States Congress pass the Chinese Exclusion Act to ban further Chinese immigration? | prejudice against Chinese people |
| Why did Black Americans move north after slavery ended? | to find better jobs and better schools |
| What opportunities did Black Americans find in Northern cities during the First World War? | found work in wartime industries. |
| What examples of chicanery did you find in Chapter 1? | theft of millions of dollars, bribery, tricks, and lies. |
| How many of the world’s manufactured goods was the United States producing by the 1910s? | one-third of the world’s manufactured goods. |
| How did machines change manufacturing? | Machines increased output and lowered labor costs for each unit of production, and they streamlined the process and made it faster. |
| What does it mean to gild something? | to put a thin layer of gold over something ordinary. |
| What was the wealth difference between the richest Americans and all other Americans during the Gilded Age? | the richest Americans owned more wealth than the other 99 percent of Americans combined. |
| What did Adam Smith believe is to each person’s benefit? | cooperation is to each person’s benefit. |
| How did Adam Smith believe we could help others meet their own needs? | buying the things, we need from others; we help them meet their own needs. |
| What was factory work like? | repetitive, mind-numbing, and exhausting. |
| What is a sweatshop? | factory or workshop in which people work long hours for very low wages. |
| What were the differences between farm work and factory work for children? | On farms, children had a chance to be outside, and they worked with their family. In factories, children were inside in often hazardous conditions for long hours. The working conditions in factories and mines could cause lifelong health problems. |
| How did child labor change in 1938? | a federal law was passed to make child labor illegal. |
| How do labor unions help workers? | Unions can bargain with employers and get higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions for their members. |
| How might a union respond to its demands not being met? | If a union’s demands are not met, workers might go on strike and refuse to work. |
| What happened at Chicago’s Haymarket Square on May 4, 1886? | A strike grew violent when someone in the crowd threw a bomb at the police. People were killed, and eight people were convicted of conspiracy. |
| Why did the Homestead Steel Strike backfire? | Carnegie Steel Company hired Pinkertons to keep the workers out, several people died, and the governor supported the company over the workers. |
| What is Labor Day? | federal holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September that honors American workers and the American labor movement. |
| What is a “captain of industry”? | someone who does good by leading an important business and employing thousands of workers. |
| What is a “robber baron”? | rich person who makes millions off the labor of their employees. |
| What was the goal of the Interstate Commerce Commission? | ICC was to address unfair practices, such as charging clients different amounts of money for shipping goods. |
| What is a monopoly? | when a corporation owns all or almost all of an industry |
| What big problem were farmers facing? | falling prices, farmers had to sell their crops for less than it cost to grow them. |
| What did the populist farmers want? | government to help them, either by building silos to store their corn until the price rose or by causing inflation so they could pay their debts. |
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