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S&P Ch 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the magnitude of displacement (increase or decrease) of a sound pressure wave; AKA intensity | amplitude |
| perceived as loudness | amplitude |
| for sound, the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats | frequency |
| perceived as pitch | frequency |
| a unit of measure for frequency | hertz (Hz) |
| a unit of measure for the physical intensity of sound | decibel (dB) |
| one of the simplest kinds of sound waves | pure tone |
| the waveform for which variation as a function of time is a sine function; are not common in everyday sounds because not many vibrations in the world are so pure | sine wave |
| most sounds in the world are _______? | complex sounds |
| the lowest-frequency component of a complex periodic sound | fundamental frequency |
| the spectrum of a complex sound in which energy is at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency; typically caused by a simple vibrating source (e.g., string of a guitar, or reed of a saxophone) | harmonic spectrum |
| the psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar | timbre |
| what is the auditory pathway? | hair cells in ear, auditor nerve, MGN, A1 (primary auditory cortex) |
| the external sound-gathering portion of the ear, consisting of the pinna and ear canal; sounds are first collected from the environment by the pinna; sound waves are funneled by the pinna into the external ear canal (AKA auditory canal) | outer ear |
| what is the purpose of the ear canal? | to collect sound waves and funnel them to the tympanic membrane; to insulate and protect the tympanic membrane |
| a thin sheet of skin between the outer ear and middle ear; vibrates in response to sound | tympanic membrane |
| an air-filled chamber containing the middle bones, or ossicles | middle ear |
| what is the purpose of the ossicles? | the ossicles amplify and transmit sounds to the inner ear |
| the most exterior ossicle; it receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and is attached to the incus | malleus |
| the middle ossicle, connected to both the malleus and the stapes | incus |
| the most interior ossicle; it’s connected to the incus on one end and the oval window of the cochlea on the other | stapes |
| what 2 muscles decrease the vibration of the ossicles when sounds are very loud? | sensory tympani and stapedius |
| muscle connected to the malleus | tensor tympani |
| muscle connected to the stapes | stapedius |
| a reflex that protects the ear from intense sounds | acoustic reflex |
| the flexible opening to the cochlea through which the stapes transmits vibration to the fluid inside | oval window |
| a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull, where fine changes in sound pressure are transduced into neural signals | inner ear |
| spiral structure of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti | cochlea |
| what are the 3 canals and 2 membranes in the cochlea? | vestibular canal, middle canal, tympanic canal, Reissner's membrane, cochlear partition |
| a plate of fibers that forms the base of cochlear partition | basilar membrane |
| a structure on the basilar membrane that is composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve (AN) fibers | Organ of Corti |
| any cell that has stereocilia for transducing mechanical movement in the inner ear into neural activity sent to the brain | hair cell |
| a gelatinous structure, attached on one end, that extends into the middle canal of the cochlea; floats above the inner hair cells; touches the outer hair cells | tectorial membrane |
| a collection of neurons that convey information from the hair cells in cochlea to the brainstem (afferent neurons) and from the brainstem to the hair cells (efferent neurons) | auditory nerve (AN) |
| most of the ______ AN fibers receive input from inner hair cells | afferent |
| most of the ______ AN fibers receive input from outer hair cells | efferent |
| tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which information about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the place along the cochlear partition with the greatest mechanical displacement | place code |
| tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which information about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the timing of neural firing as it relates to the period of the sound | temporal code |
| an idea stating that multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but does not fire on every period | volley principle |
| the first brainstem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse | cochlear nucleus |
| an early brain stem region in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears converge | superior olive |
| a midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway | inferior olive |
| the part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the temporal cortex and receives input from the auditory cortex | medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) |
| the first area within the temporal lobes of the brain responsible for processing acoustic organization | primary auditory cortex (A1) |
| a region of cortex, directly adjacent to A1, with inputs from A1, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds | belt area |
| a region of cortex, lateral and adjacent to the belt area, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds, as well as to input from other senses | parabelt area |
| an arrangement in which neurons that respond to different frequencies are organized anatomically in order of frequency | tonotopic organization |
| the branch of psychophysics that studies the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics in order to understand how the auditory system operates | psychoacoustics |
| the lowest sound pressure level that can be reliably detected at a given frequency | audibility threshold |
| a graph plotting sound pressure level (dB SPL) against the frequency for which a listener perceives constant loudness | equal-loudness curve |
| the process by which a sound at a constant level is perceived as being louder when it is of greater duration | temporal integration |
| hearing loss caused by problems with the bones of the middle ear | conductive hearing loss |
| hearing loss due to defects in cochlea or auditory nerve; when hair cells are injured (e.g., as a result of infection, or certain ototoxic antibiotics and cancer drugs) | sensorineural hearing loss |
| age-related hearing loss | presbycusis |
| tiny flexible coils with miniature electrode contacts | cochlear implants |
| the outer, funnel-like part of the ear | pinna |
| one of three fluid-filled passages in the cochlea.; the tympanic canal extends from the round window at the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema at the apex. Also called scala tympani | tympanic canal |
| one of three fluid-filled passages in the cochlea.; the vestibular canal extends from the oval window at the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema at the apex. Also called scala vestibuli | vestibular canal |
| one of three fluid-filled passages in the cochlea; the middle canal is sandwiched between the tympanic and vestibular canals and contains the cochlear partition. Also called scala media | middle canal |
| the opening that connects the tympanic and vestibular canals at the apex of the cochlea | helicotrema |
| a thin sheath of tissue separating the vestibular and middle canals in the cochlea | Reissner's membrane |
| the combined basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, and organ of Corti, which are together responsible for the transduction of sound waves into neural signals | cochlear partition |
| any of the hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the cochlea that, when flexed, initiate the release of neurotransmitters | stereocilia |
| a collection of neurons that convey information from hair cells in the cochlea to the brainstem (afferent neurons) and from the brainstem to the hair cells (efferent neurons) | auditory nerve (AN) |
| any cell that has stereocilia for transducing mechanical movement in the inner ear into neural activity sent to the brain; some hair cells also receive inputs from the brain | hair cells |
| a gelatinous structure, attached on one end, that extends into the middle canal of the cochlea, floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells | tectorial membrane |
| the frequency to which a particular auditory nerve fiber is most sensitive | characteristic frequency |
| a map plotting the firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber against varying frequencies at varying intensities | isointensity curves |
| firing of a single neuron at one distinct point in the period (cycle) of a sound wave at a given frequency. (The neuron need not fire on every cycle, but each firing will occur at the same point in the cycle.) | phase locking |
| the range of frequencies conveyed within a channel in the auditory system | critical bandwidth |
| abnormal growth of the middle-ear bones that causes hearing loss | otosclerosis |
| inflammation of the middle ear, commonly in children as a result of infection | otis media |
| hearing loss caused by degraded ability of the stria vascularis to provide sufficient nutrients and ions to the cochlear partition | metabolic hearing loss |
Created by:
abbeysmith20122