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CHID vocab.
useful vocab. words for all college students
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Addiction: | a state which the body relies on a substance for normal functioning. A term used to describe a recurring compulsion by an individual engage in some specific activity, despite harmful consequences to the individual's health, mental state or social life. |
| Analogy: | similarity n some respects between things that otherwise dissimilar (heart and pump); a form of logical inference or instance of it, based on assumption that if two things are known to be alike in some respects, then they must be alike in other respects |
| Archetypes: | in Jungian psychology, patterns of images for different approaches to life. |
| Autochthonous: | originating in the place where found; native to the place inhabited; indigenous, aboriginal |
| Autopoietic systems: | network of processes which through their interactions and transformations continuously regenerate the network that produced them. non-equilibrium systems that are continually self-creating where every process continues to help maintain the whole |
| Biological determinism: | a general theory holding that a group’s biological or genetic makeup shapes its social, political, and economic destiny. |
| Buddhism: | philosophy founded in India during the fifth century B.C.E. by Siddhartha Gautama. It stresses the transcendence of self and of desire. |
| Capitalism: | Economic practice of producing goods & selling at profit. Economic system where most capital [property, raw materials, and the means of production (including people’s labor] & goods produced r owned/controlled by individuals or groups – capitalists. |
| Carbon footprint: | a measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide. |
| Coalition: | usually a short-term collaboration of organizations in which the strategy is to stand together to achieve a specific goal or set of goals around a particular issue, regardless of other differences among the organizations. |
| Colonialism: | process involving settlement by which 1 society of people systematically destroys another & maintains continuing systems to exploit, control and oppress individuals of targeted society. |
| Commodification: | the process of turning people into things, or commodities, for sale; an example is the commodification of women’s bodies through advertising and media representations. |
| Commons: | resources which all members of a community have rights or access to |
| Comparable worth: | a method of evaluating jobs that are traditionally defined as men’s work or women’s work – in terms of the knowledge and skills required for a particular job |
| Confucianism: | philosophy of ancient China founded by Kung fu-tzu that stresses social harmony and respect for others. |
| Compulsory heterosexuality: | assumption that women and men are innately attracted to each other emotionally and sexually and that heterosexuality is normal and universal. |
| Corporation: | legal entity distinct from that of its members requiring special legal framework & body of law that specifically grants it legal personality, typically views it as fictional person, legal person, or moral person (as opposed to a natural person) |
| Cosmology: | study of the nature and order of the world |
| Creativity: | the ability to create; stage when imagination is encouraged to soar in a search for totally new and innovative ideas |
| Criminalization: | the process of turning people’s circumstances or behaviors into a crime, such as the criminalization of homeless people |
| Cultural appropriation: | taking possession of specific aspects of another group’s culture in a gratuitous, inauthentic way. Using another group’s culture to make money. |
| Cultural relativism: | the view that all ‘authentic’ experience is equally valid and cannot be challenged by others. There are no external standards or principles by which to judge people’s attitudes and behaviors. |
| Culture: | the values, symbols, means of expression, language and interests of a group of people. The ‘dominant culture’ refers to the culture of people in power in a pluralistic society. |
| Deduction: | process of determining what is necessarily true based on what is already known to be true. |
| Deism: | belief in an unknowable God who set the world in motion at the beginning of time but has done little to interfere with nature since that time |
| Determinism: | idea that what happens has to happen as a result of natural laws, a divine plan, or human nature. A classic philosophical problem concerns whether determinism is compatible with the notion of individual freedom. |
| Dialectic: | movement back and forth between an idea and something that idea isn’t. This may involve thinking about an idea in terms of another idea or comparing and contrasting two or more ideas. |
| Discourse: | use of language as it is embedded in social practice. A site of power in that it constitutes both the sphere of knowledge and the community perceived to be in possession of it. |
| Discrimination: | differential treatment against less powerful groups by those in position of dominance |
| Empirical: | depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory, verifiable by experience, practical, firsthand, pragmatic. |
| Empiricism: | position that we can be certain of knowledge acquired by testing ideas against the evidence of the ‘five’ senses. A view of reality composed of discrete, irreducible units. The parts are more real than the whole. |
| Enlightenment, European Age of: | 18th intellectual movement which advocated reason as primary basis of authority with consequent political changes including nation-creation & decline of influence of nobility and church. encouraged individualism, reason and freedom. |
| Entropy: | tendency for all matter and energy in the universe to evolve toward a state of inert uniformity; inevitable and steady deterioration of a system or society |
| Environmental racism: | the strong correlation between the distribution of environmental pollution and race. The movement for ‘environmental justice’ draws on concepts of civil rights. |
| Epistemology: | study of knowing. Epistemologists want to know what we mean when we say we know something. |
| Essentialism: | view that things&people have some inherent essence, or characteristic & quality, that defines them. Claims that is a Truth or an essence to everything and ‘scientists’ aspire to find it. |
| Ethnocentricity: | belief that one’s own ethnic group to be the standard against which to judge all other cultures assuming normativity and universality of one’s beliefs. |
| Eugenics: | the belief that the human race can be ‘improved’ through selective breeding |
| Existentialism: | philosophy espoused by Kierkeaard, Heidegger, and Sartre stressing responsibility of the individual for giving meaning to reality. |
| Feminism(s): | philosophies, theories and political movements that expose and resist systematic exclusion of women, women’s ideas and women’s interests from male-dominated thinking and society. |
| Feminization of poverty: | women and children constitute the vast majority of poor people in the world as a result of structural inequalities and discriminatory policies. |
| Feudalism: | economic structure in which the nobility owns the land that is farmed by the serfs, or peasants, who support the nobles in exchange for protection |
| Framing: | a scheme for interpretation using language / words that reflects a certain worldview (set of values, beliefs, ideas, etc.) |
| Free market system: | an ideological term used to describe a capitalist economic system with an emphasis on transnational trade and freedom from government regulation. In reality, this system has both government regulation of and support for businesses. |
| Gaia Hypothesis: | theory that living organisms and inorganic material are part of a dynamic system that shape Earth's biosphere in a "super organismic system". earth is a self-regulating environment; a single, unified, cooperating and living system |
| Gender bending: | adopting clothing, body language, or behavior that challenges and undermines conventional gender norms and expectations |
| Genealogy: | study of an entity’s historical lineage |
| Global level of analysis: | a term used to describe the connections among people, institutions and issues as viewed from a worldwide perspective |
| Hegemony: | political concept that explains the oppression-based relationships between the dominant and compliant classes of Western capitalist democracies. |
| Hermeneutics: | study of understanding |
| Heterosexism: | attitudes, actions, and institutional practices that subordinate people on the basis of gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender orientation and identification |
| Holotrope: | whole figuration; moving toward wholeness; whole time (ex. Education must enter a holotroic realm, wherein there is a sense of a ‘whole time’ continuum that allows for a continual adaptiveness and learning process.) |
| Humanism: | philosophical attitude toward human beings and human activity as an expression of divine purpose |
| Hypocognition: | the lack of ideas you need, the lack of a relatively simple fixed frame that can be evoked by a word or two. |
| Imperialism: | the process of domination of one nation over other nations that are deemed inferior and to have dependent status for the purpose of exploiting their human and natural resources |
| Idealism: | belief that ideas have existence outside of the human mind, or that ideas are all that exist |
| Identity politics: | activism&politics put identity at center. Usually involves assumption that particular char., i.e. race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation, is most important n lives of group members and group is not differentiated according to other char., ex=class. |
| Ideology: | a system of beliefs, ideas, and attitudes that represent the interests of a particular group of people and reinforce their values |
| Indigene: | group of people who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection, generally implying before colonization or annexation (aborigine, aboriginal peoples, native peoples, first peoples, first nations, autochthonous) |
| Individualism: | view that individual rights and freedoms should form the basis of society |
| Inertia: | the tendency of an object/idea in rest to remain at rest, and of an object in motion to remain in motion; resistance to any change in motion |
| Institutions of society (social institutions): | structures developed to organize group living such as education, government, media, religion, law, etc. |
| Internalized oppression: | attitudes and behaviors of some oppressed people that reflect the negative, harmful, stereotypical beliefs of the dominant group directed at them. |
| International division of labor: | a division of work between rich and poor countries under which low-waged workers in the global South do assembly, manufacturing, and office work on contract to companies based in the global North |
| Intersectionality: | an integrative perspective that emphasizes the intersection of several attributes, for example, gender, race, class and nation |
| Karma: | in Indian philosophy, the principle of action that determines what will happen to you in the future. |
| Knowledge: | acquaintance/familiarity gained by sight, experience, or report; fact or state of knowing; perception of fact/truth; clear/certain mental apprehension; awareness; something that is/may be known; body of truths or facts accumulated in the course of time |
| Knowledge system: | as a subset of worldview, a consistent (to a varying degree) and integral framework for generating, categorizing, and applying knowledge. |
| Liberalism: | belief in social freedom and tolerance. Liberals are criticized by radicals because their “live-and-let-live” attitude doesn’t help bring about change. |
| Macro level of analysis: | a term used to describe the relationships among issues, individuals, and groups as viewed from a national (or larger) institutional perspective |
| Magic: | an inexplicable and remarkable influence producing surprising results |
| Marginality: | the situation in which a person has a deep connection to more than one culture, community, or social group but is not completely able to identify with or be accepted by any group as an insider |
| Marginalization: | attitudes and behaviors that relegate certain people to the social, political, and economic margins of society by branding them and their interests as inferior, unimportant, or both |
| Marxism: | philosophy based on the economic and political thinking of Karl Marx that says ideology, or the way people think, depends on the relations of production, or the way people make and use things |
| Materialism: | belief that existence is entirely physical & thinking and knowing r effects produced by physical process of sensation of brain. Belief that principal element of all things is matter, or the physical, as opposed to idealism=primacy to ideas or spiritual. |
| Matrix of oppressions and resistances: | interconnections among various forms of oppression based on gender, race, class, sexuality, ableness, nation, ect. Can be sources of disadvantage as well as privilege. Neg- ascriptions & experiences may be the source of people’s resistance 2 oppression. |
| Medicalization: | the process of turning life (and other) processes into medical issues, with the consequence of perceiving them as illness to be treated by medical professionals with formal educational qualifications and accreditation |
| Metaphysics: | branch of philosophy that studies the makeup, working, and organization of reality in general. Metaphysics is also used more specifically to refer to whatever aspects of reality there may be that cannot be observed and measured, such as God and virtue. |
| Micro level of analysis: | a term used to describe the connections among people and issues as seen from a personal or individual perspective |
| Militarism: | a system and worldview based on the objectification of ‘others’ as enemies; a culture that prepares for, invests in, and celebrates war and killing. This worldview operates through specific political, economic, and military institutions and actions. |
| Military/industrial/congressional complex: | Term used by outgoing President Eisenhower 2 describe relationship between national armed forces, industry & congress interested in maximizing government spending within members’ areas. |
| part 2 military, ind, gov. complex: | The concern is potentially negative effect of creating, maintaining or escalating military hostilities to feed supporting industries & workers with an inherent likelihood of political corruption. |
| Misogyny: | woman-hating attitudes and behaviors |
| Modernity: | movements n science, philosophy & social organizations considered new/recent (beginning from somewhere between the 4th and 18th centuries) & breaking from pre-modern forms of society assumed to be based on mythological/metaphysical sets of beliefs. |
| Modernity 2: | It is a means by which a society or culture links together the events, people and ideas from its past so as to conceive of itself as breaking from that past and progressing towards a nominally more rational and just future. |
| Neo-liberalism: | economic philosophy and policies that call for the freedom of business to operate with minimal interference from governments, international organizations, or labor unions. |
| Neo-Liberalism 2: | Basic tenets include rule of market, global free trade, economic deregulation, privatization of government-owned industries, reduction of social welfare spending, and belief n individual responsibility rather than valuing community & public good. |
| Nation: | a relatively large group of people organized under a single, usually independent government; a country |
| Objectification: | attitudes and behaviors by which people are treated as if they were ‘things’ |
| Objectivity: | a form of understanding in which knowledge and meaning are believed to come from outside oneself and are presumably not affected by personal opinion or bias. Idea that knowledge does not reflect personal concerns, but is true for everybody. |
| Offshore production: | factory work or office work performed outside the U.S. that is done for U.S.-based companies |
| Ontology: | study of being or existence. Ontologists want to know what we mean when we say something exists. |
| Oppression: | prejudice & discrimination directed toward whole socially recognized groups of people & promoted by ideologies & practices of all social institutions. |
| Oppression 2: | Critical elements differentiating oppression from simple prejudice is a group phenomenon and that institutional power/authority used 2 support prejudices & enforce discriminatory behaviors n systematic ways. |
| Oppression 3: | Everyone in an oppression-based society is socialized to participate in oppressive practices, either as direct and indirect perpetrators or passive beneficiaries. |
| Other/othering: | a ‘not me’ that is produced by discursive practices of the ‘me’. Process of identifying people as different from the norm in order to reassure yourself that you are normal. |
| Orientalism: | ways in which the West has represented and produced the East. Edward Said describes Orientalism as the construction of a ‘system of knowledge’ about the East by and for the West. |
| Paradigm shift: | drastic change in the way the human race lives and thinks as a result of an important new discovery or development. |
| Paradox: | statement that includes two ideas that seem to contradict one another |
| Pedagogy: | process, strategies and style of teaching / instructing |
| Perfomativity: | replaces some former notions of identity. Who, what, 1 is is no longer based on notion of existing core identity, something in each of us which remains the same throughout all our lives. |
| Performativity 2: | Rather one’s identity, in this absence of any natural order, is constructed and based on enactment following culturally derived patterns of behavior. |
| People of color: | a term often used to describe individuals and populations that are oppressed based on a dark hue to their skin |
| Phenomenology: | philosophy founded by Edmund Husserl that says that “intentionality”, or attitude, always goes along with consciousness |
| Pluralism: | belief that the world is made up of lots of separate, independent things |
| Postcolonialism: | theories about cultural legacy of colonial rule. about cultural identity n colonized societies:dilemmas of developing national id post colonial rule; ways writers articulate/celebrate id(reclaiming from & maintaining strong connections with colonizer) |
| Postcolonialism 2: | ways knowledge of colonized (subordinated) people been generated & used 2 serve colonizer’s interests; & ways colonizer’s literature has justified colonialism via images of colonized as perpetually inferior people/society/culture |
| Postmodernism: | term used 4 any pluralistic style that is reaction against pretensions of high modernism.Largely influenced by West Euro disillusionment induced by WWII |
| Postmodernism: | tends 2 refer 2 cultural, int., or artistic state lacking clear central hierarchy/organizing principle & embodying extreme complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, diversity, and interconnectedness or interreferentiality. |
| Post-structuralism: | Intellectual movement is closely related to postmodernism, but 2 concepts not synonymous. Post-struct. = difficult 2 define or summarize, can be broadly understood as body of distinct reactions to structuralism. |
| Post-structuralism 2: | Rejects def. that claim discovered absolute 'truths' or facts about the world. Social realities cannot b reduced 2 linguistic categories. |
| Post-structuralism 3/Power: | Power 2b understood n context of background institutions, practices, and discourses which both create power &R created by power. Power is an organization of relationships of individuals and institutions in which everyone is involved. |
| Positivist science: | a rejection of metaphysics; a position that holds that the goal of knowledge is simply to describe the phenomena that we experience that we can observe and measure. Knowledge of anything beyond that, a positivist would hold, is impossible. |
| Poverty level: | an income level for individuals and families that officially defines economic poverty |
| Power: | the ability to effect change and influence others, whether through persuasion, charisma, law, political activism, or coercion. Power operates informally and through formal institutions. Power is not a zero-sum commodity. |
| Pragmatism: | philosophy founded by C. S. Peirce and William James that says the meaning of anything depends on its practical effects |
| Pragmatic: | of or pertaining to a practical point of view or practical considerations. |
| Praxis: | reflection and action upon the world in order to transform it |
| Prejudice: | a closed-minded prejudging of a person or group as negative or inferior, even without personal knowledge of that person or group, and often contrary to reason or facts; unreasonable, unfair, and hostile attitudes toward people |
| Prison/industrial complex: | the interweaving of state and corporate interests that warehouses (incarcerates) increasing numbers of ‘surplus bodies’ whose labor creates profits for the prison owners / operators |
| Privilege: | benefits and power from institutional inequalities. Individuals may be privileged without realizing, recognizing or even wanting it. |
| Queer theory: | ideas based around idea that ids not fixed & do not determine who we R. Suggests that meaningless 2 talk n general about any group, as ids consist so many elements that to assume that ppl can be seen collectively on basis of 1 shared char.=wrong. |
| Queer Therory 2: | Indeed, it proposes that we deliberately challenge all notions of fixed identity, in varied and non-predictable ways. |
| Racism: | racial prejudice and discrimination that are supported by institutional power and authority; the belief in the inherent superiority of one race over all others and thereby the right to dominance. |
| Rationalism: | epistemological position that we can have knowledge without experience |
| Realism: | belief that universals, or idea about reality, exist in reality outside the mind |
| Recursiveness: | egree of interconnectedness of the various elements of a complex system. The more recursive the system, the more unpredictable it becomes. |
| Relativism: | idea that notions of truth and falsehood, or good and bad, are not universally true, but may be different in different societies. In other words, good and bad may be understood relative to the way society works. |
| Representation: | the production of meaning through language; to describe something; to symbolize or stand for. |
| Science: | knowledge; systems of knowledge congruent and co-developed with other aspects of a group’s culture; methodologies and methods by which knowledge is acquired |
| Sexism: | belief or attitude that one gender or sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other. Can also refer to a hatred or distrust towards either sex as a whole or imposing stereotypes of masculinity on men or femininity on women. |
| Simulation/simulacra: | Baudrillard argues that the postmodern age is characterized by a proliferation of simulations, reproductions and images. |
| Situated knowledge: | knowledge and ways of knowing that are specific to a particular historical and cultural context and life experiences |
| Social constructionism: | the view that concepts that appear to be immutable and often solely biological are defined by human beings and can vary, depending on cultural and historical contexts. |
| Social control: | attitudes, behaviors and mechanisms that keep people in their place. Overt social controls include laws, fines, imprisonment, and violence. Subtle ones include ostracism and withdrawal of status, affection, and respect. |
| Socialism: | an economic system purporting that work should be organized for the collective benefits of workers rather than the profit of managers and corporate owners, and that the state should prioritize human needs |
| Standpoint theory: | the view that different social and historical situations give rise to very different experiences and theories about those experiences |
| State: | governmental institutions, authority, and control. This includes the machinery of electoral politics, lawmaking, government agencies that execute law and policy, law enforcement agencies, the prison system, and the military. |
| Structural oppression: | ways in which structures of society continue to yield disparate results no matter what individuals within the structures think about oppression. |
| Subjectivity: | a form of understanding in which knowledge and meaning are grounded in people’s lived experiences; also being the subject rather than an object of theorizing. The idea that knowledge stems from personal characteristics and situations. |
| Supremacy: | the condition of being supreme in authority, rank, or power; position of supreme or highest authority or power |
| Sustainability: | the ability of a system to sustain itself indefinitely by renewing resources and mitigating toxic byproducts |
| Tautology: | 1. (logic) a statement that is necessarily true; “the statement ‘he is brave or he is not brave’ is a tautology”; 2. useless repetition; “to say that something is ‘adequate enough’ is a tautology |
| Teleology: | study of the purpose of things in the natural world. It stems from the ancient Greek word telos, meaning end or completion. Teleology has been discredited by modern scientists. |
| Theory: | an explanation of how things are and why they are the way they are; a theory is based on a set of assumptions, has a perspective, and serves a purpose |
| Utilitarianism: | philosophy of moral behavior that says that best actions are those that produce the greatest good for the greatest number. |
| Whiteness: | a set of privileges and perceived superiority usually associated with pale skin that has been socially constructed |
| White Supremacy: | the claim that humans with light-colored skin (and general also believe in Christian religions) are more superior than others. As a political ideology it promotes social dominance by light skinned people. |
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