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Dental Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how will animals benefit from dentistry | -improve quality and quantity of life -mouth is connected to the rest of the internal organs via the blood stream so infection can start in the mouth and travel to other organs -animals use their mouth as we use our hands |
| Dogs _____ years of age or older, ____% have periodontal disease to a degree that requires treatment | 5, 95% |
| Define: Apically | moving towards the apex |
| Define: Peri-apical | around the apex of the root |
| Define: neck/cervical region | where the root and the crown meet |
| Define: Coronally | traveling from the neck to the tip or cusp of the crown |
| Define: Labial | surface of the tooth towards the lips |
| Define: Buccal | surface of the tooth towards the cheeks |
| Define: Lingual | surface of the tooth towards the tongue |
| define: Palatal | surface of the tooth towards the palate |
| Define:Furcation | in a multi-rooted tooth where the roots join together |
| Define: crown | covered with enamel and located above the gum line |
| Define: root | covered with cementum and located below the gum line |
| Define: cusp | tip of the crown |
| Define: apex | Bottoms of the root |
| What is enamel | -hardest substance of the body, composed of crystals which are arranged in prisms |
| thickness of enamel in cats | 0.1-0.3mm |
| thickness of enamel in dogs | 0.1-0.6mm |
| What is dentin | -makes up the bulk of the tooth, hard as bone but softer than enamel. Arranges un tubules that run from the enamel to the pulp |
| what can dentin detect | heat, cold, touch, variation of osmotic pressure |
| what are the types of dentin | -primary: formed prior to tooth eruption -Normal secondary: formed continuously after tooth erupts -Irregular secondary: formed in areas exposed to injury |
| how can you tell the difference between debris and dentin on worn teeth | Dentin: brown, smooth and shiny (Wet or dry), hard cannot be removed Debris: black, dull when dry, can be removed with scaler |
| what is cementum | bone like calcified connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth |
| what is Ankylosis | the fusion of cementum and the surrounding bone with the obliteration of the periodontal ligament |
| 3 reasons for ankylosis | 1. excessive occlusal trauma 2. chronic periapical irritation 3. after tooth re-implantation |
| what is pulp | loose connective tissue containing blood and nerve fibers, enters through tiny openings in the root apex |
| what is the apical delta | tiny openings in the root apex |
| what is the pulp chamber | cavity inside the crown that contains the pulp, the chamber has horns to correspond with the overlying tooth cusp |
| what is the alveolar bone | the bone that surrounds and supports the teeth, formed when a tooth erupts and is gradually reabsorbed after a tooth is lost |
| what is the alveolar crest | crest of bone that is located between teeth |
| what is the lamina dura | cribriform plate of bone lining the alveolus, where blood, lymph and nerve vessels penetrate from the underlying bone to the periodontal ligament |
| what is the apical foramen | ending in the root apex that allow vessels to go through |
| what is the epithelial attachment | strip of stratified squamous epithelium attached at the cemento=enamel junction |
| what is the gingiva | portion of the oral mucosa covering the alveolar bone and surrounds the neck of the teeth |
| what is the first line of defense from mastication and bacterial invasion | Gingiva |
| what are the 3 regions of the gingiva | 1. Marginal Free: free edge, non-attached gingiva 2. Attached gingiva: firm and tightly bound to alveolar process 3. gingiva between the teeth |
| normal sulcus depth in cats and dogs | Dogs: normal = 1.0-3.0mm Cats: normal = 0.5-1.0mm |
| what is the periodontal ligament | connective tissue which attach and support the teeth in the alveoli |
| where is the periodontal ligament located | between the tooth and the alveolar that attaches one another |
| 7 vital functions of periodontal ligament | 1. shock absorber 2. transmit forces to alveolar bone 3. attach tooth to alveolus 4. maintenance of gingival adaptation to the tooth 5. provides soft tissue casing 6. supplies nutrients 7. provides tactile and proprioceptive information |
| what is the cemento-enamel junction | where the cementum covering the root meets the enamel covering the crown |
| what is the muco-gingival line | distinct furrow where the gingiva meets the alveolar mucosa |
| what are the 4 types of teeth | -molar, incisors, premolars, canines |
| what are incisors used for | grasp food and groom coats |
| what are canine used for | tooth curves distally to prevent prey from escaping, used to hold and kill prey also for defense and display |
| what are the premolars used for | hold prey and shear food |
| What teeth are missing in the feline | 105,205,405,405,406,306 |
| what is the meat cutter | upper carnassial |
| what are are molars used for | grind food |
| primary canine dental formula | 2(i3/3, c1/1, p3/3)=28 |
| permanent canine dental formula | 2(I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3)=42 |
| primary feline dental formula | 2(i3/3, c1/1, p3/2)=26 |
| permanent feline dental formula | 2(I3/3,C1/1, P3/2, M1/1)=20 |
| 3 types of scalers | 1. straight sickle 2. curved sickle 3. taylor scaler |
| what does the probe measure | measures sulcus depth and attachment loss |
| what is a hoe used for | good for removing gross calculus |
| what do all instruments consist of | a handle, a shank, a working end |
| what is the main purpose of a fulcrum | steady the instrument to avoid slippage |
| what is the purpose of polishing | -smooth out the thousands of microscopic grooves |
| what is the maximum amount of time the polisher can be on the tooth | 5 seconds |
| what is the name of the common charting system for teeth | Triadan system |
| what is a supernumerary teeth | extra tooth indicated by a S or s |
| what does the sonic and ultrasonic scaler do | allow rapid and easy removal of calculus with the use of vibrations |
| why do you use water in a sonic or ultrasonic scaler | -enhances the vibrations -cool the scaler and the tooth -flushes away debris for better visualization |
| how long can a scaler be left on the tooth | 15 seconds |
| what is the piezoelectric | tip vibrates in a linear motion, no heat build up and is the least traumatic |
| what is the sonic scaler | run by compressed air and vibrate like a jackhammer (least efficient of the 3) |
| what does fluoride treatment do | -reduces the sensitivity of the teeth, -tooth enamel is strengthened by osteoclastic action -provides some antibacterial action |
| True or false: Fluoride Treatment must be applied to dry teeth | True |
| Steps in Prophylaxis | 1. Rinse with Chlorhexidine 2. Ultrasonic scaler 3. hand instruments (curet/scalers) 4. Examine teeth and chart abnormalities 5. Rescale any areas that need it 6. Polish the teeth 7. rinse teeth 8. Fluoride 9. Wipe off excess |
| what are the 2 major components of an X-ray unit | -master control -control panel |
| what does the cone on an X-ray tube do | -assist in positioning the tube head at the correct angle -collimates x-ray beam to be within a 6.5 cm diameter circle at the end of the cone |
| what does the dot mean on the intra-oral film | this is used to identify the side of the film. and can also help distinguish the right side from the left as the dot is always pointed rostrally |
| what are the most common film speed | E and D |
| what is the film speed: D | Kodiak D film is ultra-speed. gives incredibly sharp detail |
| what is the film speed: E | Kodiak E is ekta-speed, twice as past but has coarser grain. |
| what do the sizes range from for films | 0 to 4 -the most common sizes are 2 and 4 |
| where do you want to store dental film | in a cool dark area |
| what is the chair-side darkroom | -consists of a small boy with a yellow plastic covering that allows the operator to see and not Affect the film |
| What is the order of the chemicals in the chair side darkroom | 1. Developer 2. Rinse Water 3. Fixer 4. Rinse Water |
| what is DR radiography | Direct/Digital Radiography -uses the sensor to capture the image |
| what is the CR radiography | Indirect/computerized radiology -uses a phosphorus plate and a processing unit to produce the image |
| when do you use the bisecting angle technique | -used when taking a radiograph of any maxillary teeth and for mandibular canines and incisors |
| explain the bisecting angle technique | 1. place film behind the tooth 2. draw an imaginary line along the long axis 3. The point where these two lines meet will create an angle 4. a line is then made that bisects this angle or cuts it in half 5.the x-ray beam is then angles perpendicular |
| 3 things that are important in a normal bite | 1. proper mastication 2. self cleaning 3. decreasing the chance of oral trauma |
| True or False: The growth of the upper and lower jaws are under seperate control | True |
| what are the two types of malocclusions | -Skeletal: problem with the upper or lower jaw bones -Dental: teeth are not in proper position or there are extra teeth present |
| 5 problems associated with malocclusions | 1. Tooth wear (rubbing together) 2.Gingivitis (oddly placed teeth with decrease natural cleaning) 3.Premature Tooth Loss: result of periodontitis 4. Oral Trauma: could be both hard and soft tissue 5. Systemic Disease: |
| class one malocclusion | jaw lengths are relatively normal, but one tooth or group of teeth are in an abnormal position |
| What are base narrow canines | -when the mandibular canines erupt parallel their tips point straight into the hard palate |
| what can base narrow canines lead too | -food and debris to become impacted in the while -fistula to develop and canine tips will rest in the nasal passages |
| what cases base narrow canines | When the mandible is narrower than the maxilla and the mandibular canines are not parallel |
| what are lance canines | one or more of the upper canines deviates or points rostrally |
| what is an anterior cross-bite | when the maxillary incisors fall behind the mandibular incisors |
| what causes anterior cross-bite | retained baby incisor tooth |
| what can an anterior crossbite cause | -premature tooth loss |
| what is a class two malocclusion (overbite) | mandible is shorter than normal causing the mandibular incisors to to behind and no longer touching the maxillary incisors |
| Class three malocclusion (underbite) | mandible is longer than the maxilla therefore it is a skeletal malocclusion |
| Who is a class 3 malocclusion most common in | Brachycephalic's |
| what is a level bite | when the upper and lower incisors meet (can lead to periodontal disease |
| What is Wry Mouth | when the jaw is formed by each quadrant growing independently, this can cause the nose to lean to one side |
| What is the cause of Wry Mouth | early trauma in life that leading to one jaw segment to stop growing |
| posterior cross-bite | the mandibular teeth are positioned outside the maxillary teeth, this causes problems with the molars |
| What breed can posterior cross-bite be seen in | sight hounds |
| What can retained deciduous teeth cause | -force the permanent teeth to come into an abnormal position |
| how do teeth erupt | 1. permanent tooth is starting to erupt it pushes on the root apex of the deciduous tooth it will replace 2. this pressure causes the root of the deciduous tooth to resorb 3. when the root is gone the crown will fall off |
| what is gingivitis | inflammation of gums (gingiva) only (this is completely reversible) |
| what are the 5 natural defence mechanisms | 1. gingiva 2. gingival sulcus fluid (has antimicrobial properties 3.Saliva (contains calcium and fluoride to help enamel) 4.Enamel Buldge (keep sulcus free from debris) 5.Normal Occlusion (natural cleaning) |
| How does plaque formation work | Plaque will form, harden and calcify into calculus which will then lead to periodontal disease |
| 7 reasons for periodontal disease | 1. food debris and consistency 2. caries (enamel is worm down) 3. Missing or maloccluded teeth 4. Mouth breathing/rock chewing (dehydrating oral cavity) 5.systemic disease 6. Nutrition 7. Breeds |
| how does plaque lead to periodontal disease | 1. once plaque has been allowed to mature and extend down into gingival sulcus the environment becomes agreeable to the growth of destructive anaerobic bacteria |
| Stages of periodontal disease | 1. Health 2: Marginal Gingivitis 3. Moderate Gingivitis 4.Severe gingivitis or early periodontitis 5. Moderate Periodontitis 6. Severe periodontitis |
| what is periodontitis | inflammation or disease that affects the deeper structures (periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and the cementum) |
| when charting what is important to occur | -2 or 4 numbers for pocket depth, gingival recession, hyperplasia, and attachment loss |
| where is the pocket depth measured from | -the current free gingival margin tot he bottom of the pocket |
| how to grade periodontitis | PD0=healthy gingiva, no disease PD1= gingivitis only with no attachment loss PD2= less than 25% attachment loss PD3= 25-50% attachment loss PD4= greater than 50% attachment loss |
| grading mobility | MO= no tooth mobility M1= slight tooth mobility M2= Moderate tooth mobility M3= severe tooth mobility |
| grading furcation | F0= no furcation exposure F1= furcation is exposed F2= furcation is undermined F3= furcation open through and through |
| what is the purpose of a complete prophylaxis | remove plaque which if left will mature into calculus which is the main cause of periodontal disease |
| what do you look for before the actual cleaning of a prophylaxis | 1. Age and General Health 2. Head Exam 3. Oral Cavity Inside 4. Pre-Prophylaxis antibiotics 5. Safety 6.Rads |
| steps in a post-prophylaxis | 1. monitor oral cavity 2. monitor the animal 3. Post op meds |
| For mild gingivitis when do we give pre-prophylaxis antibiotics | 1 hour prior |
| For severe gingivitis when do we give pre-prophylaxis antibiotics | 1 day prior |
| for severe periodontal disease when do we give pre-prophylaxis antibiotics | 7-10 days prior |
| why do we take dental radiographs | 1. young animals 2. extent of periodontal disease 3. prior to or after extractions 4. evaluate the jaw 5. chipped or broken teeth 6. cats with a history of FORL |
| what does FORL stand for | Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions |
| what is FORL | condition where the body is resorbing the inorganic tooth material, leaving behind the organic material, often under an outer shell of enamel |
| what is another word for FORL | cervical line lesions |
| where is FORL most common | begin at the neck of the tooth at the cemento-enamel junction pre-molars and molars are the most common teeth. very commonly seen on buccal and labial surfaces |
| Etiology /Causes of FORL | 1. Periodontal disease 2.Diet 3.Viral Causes 4.Regurgitation of Hairballs 5. Genetics 6. Gingivitis/Stomatitis |
| decrease in ________ in the diets which is decreasing the remineralization of the teeth | phosphate |
| many cats with FORL lesions also have what 2 diseases | FELV, FIV |
| what breeds of cats are most common to get FORL | Persian, siamese, russian blue |
| how often should animals get a dental cleaning | every 6-12 months |
| hos to identify FORL | 1. inflammation 2. Pain 3. Radiograph |
| how are FORL lesions classified | extent of the resorption |
| Class 1 FORL | -early only involving enamel or cementum -will feel roughened enamel or cementum |
| how to treat class 1 FORL | -apply fluoride |
| Class 2 FORL | significant lesion but not yet into the pulp chamber, may be in dentin but not the pulp chamber |
| Treatment for class 2 FORL | restoration with glass ionomers or extraction of the tooth |
| Class 3 FORL | deep lesion into the pulp chamber but not much cross loss |
| Treatment of class 3 and 4 FORL | extraction being sure to remove the entire root |
| Class 4 FORL | extensive lesions with considerable loss of tooth structure |
| Class 5 FORL | massive destruction with seperation of root and crown |
| treatment of class 5 FORL | floating crowns are extracted, roots are extracted |
| prevention of FORL | 1. start care at a young age 2. regular dental exams and cleaning 3. feed appropriate diets 4. |
Created by:
jscott41
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