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Who says art is like a window into other culture?
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What is the Cognitive Theory of Art?
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RELS Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Who says art is like a window into other culture? | Dewey, who was also a advocate for art being pragmatic. Teaching like science, about how to grapple with the world. |
| What is the Cognitive Theory of Art? | Art communicates IDEAS and THOUGHTS just like a language would. |
| What does Goodman say about Art? | Art is SYMBOLS which require ACTIVE thinking and processing to fully understanding. Also a art pragmatist like Dewey |
| What is Expression Theory of Art? | Art communicates EMOTIONS and FEELINGS, like screaming or laughing does |
| What was Tolstoy's take on Expression Theory of Art? | Art communicates feeling FROM the artist, directly TO the viewer --> That the artists main job is communicate emotion |
| What did Freud say about about Expression Theory of Art? | SUBLIMATION: That art communicates UNCONCIOUS feelings and desires. Art maintains the balance (ego) between biological desire (Id) and unconscious morality (Superego), substituting actually fulfilling these desires. |
| According to Freeland, what must an interpretation do in order to be valid/good? | Be grounded in REASON, and enlightening way to understand the piece. Must account for both content and skill. |
| What was Foucault's main theory? | DEATH of the Artist, that we shouldn't concern ourselves with the artists intentions |
| What is Episteme? | The social and historical knowledge people of the same time period share unconsciously. |
| What where the 3 main reasons theologians ignored art? | 1. European Enlightenment --> Art separated from religion to focus more on Human Ingenuity and Reason 2. Religions seek to leave behind the material 3. Religious text was valued more than religious art (protestant reformation) |
| Historical/Descriptive Method of looking at Art and Religion: | Explaining how art and religion HAVE BEEN and the CURRENTLY related to one another to understand them both. |
| Normative Method of looking at Art and Religion: | Explaining how art and religion SHOULD be related. |
| T/F Art has always been associated with beauty? | FALSE, art was originally regarded as techne |
| What did Aquinas say about beauty? | That it was an innate feature of God, together with Goodness and Truth |
| What did Leeuw say about religion and art? | That they originally existed in a weird state of primordial unity, until new definitions and societies came along. |
| Jesus was originally depicted in art as a... | Shepherd, despite being a carpenter, for metaphorical purposes |
| What is Christ as Pantocrator? | "Ruler of All", drawings of Jesus, no longer as a Shepherd, but as an all powerful emperor. Begin after Christianity became the main religion of Rome. |
| T/F Early religious Icon artist where celebrated? | FALSE, they were deemed sacred objects. It was not acknowledged that they came from mortal hands. |
| What is Hodegetria? | Depictions of Virgin Mary holding Baby Jesus |
| Why was Rembrandt's religious art special? | Because he made etchings, an affordable and easily reproducible medium which allowed for everyday people to have religious art in their homes. Also painted the human AND divine versions of Jesus as one. |
| Which religious painter often draw himself as Jesus and was deeply influenced by new scientific discovery? | William Holman Hunt (red-head dude with massive beard) |
| What changed Otto Dix? | WWII made him convert and begin painting exclusively bible based religious themes. |
| What was the Symbolism Art Movement? | Rejecting realism in favor for symbolic/metaphorical images. Expressed "absolute truth" through spirituality and dreams. |
| Cloisonnism | Bold flat forms, separated by dark contours. Imitated ancient metal work. Almost cartoony... |
| What is Ecce Homo? | "Behold the Man" --> Depictions of Jesus w/ a Crown of Thorns |
| Modern (20th and 21st century) religious art sees what subtle change? | General spirituality begins to replace explicit religious content. No longer straight of drawing bible scenes and religious figures. |
| Which religious painters art was seen as too ugly to be put up on display? | Rouault |
| T/F Buddhism has always worshipped images of Buddha? | FALSE, Buddhism was aniconistic for a hundred years. |
| What is Aniconism and which religions follow it? | The lack/avoidance of anthropomorphic representations of deities. Buddhism used to be. Islam has been and continues to be. |
| What is Duhkha? | A Buddhist term meaning: "life is suffering" (1st noble truth). The next ones being that suffering is caused by desire, if you stop desiring you will stop suffering, and that there is a path (Buddhism) to stop desiring. |
| What are Samsara and Nirvana? | Samara is the circle of rebirth in Buddhism which Buddhist aim to break free of. To reach NIRVANA (To blow out) is freedom from self, the cycle, and all desire (the cause of all suffering) Just like Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) did under that tree. |
| Why was Buddhist aniconistic? | Unclear, but could be relate to how Buddhist values the impermanence of all, or to make space for the Buddhists presence, or the art was simply depicting a time after the Buddha's enlightenment (no soul/spirit) |
| Where did Buddhist Icons originate? | It's unclear, Foucher says Greco-Buddhism (Greek influence), Coomaraswamy says Northern India |
| What are features of the Buddhist Icon? | Mandorla: Almost shape around head Simple Monastic Robes Ushnisha: Bulb on top of head Urna: 3rd eye on forehad Long Earlobes |
| Iconoclasm is a problem of? | Bodies: Human vs. Divine, Individual vs. Governmental, Living vs. Dead as battles are fought over what art should be allowed. |
| What did the protestant reformation cause in art? | Iconoclasm, they viewed religious art as Idolatry because it took away the divine nature of Jesus and made him too mortal (the movement was about following ONLY the bible) |
| What do Beeldenstorm and Eikonomachia refer to? | Battles/Wars on Images that typically result in Iconoclasm, e.g. the protestant reformation |
| What are the five pillars of Islam? | Declaration of faith (to surrender) Daily Prayer Pilgrimage to Mecca Almsgiving (giving to those less fortunate) Fasting during Ramadan |
| What is the Quran to Muslims? | The literal and untranslatable words of God in Arabic. Reciting and copying lines/phrases is a scared task. |
| What is the main idea of Islam? | To surrender yourself completely to Allah |
| Why is Islam strictly aniconistic? | To prevent Idolatry (the worship of false idols) |
| What is the Minaret? | The "lighthouse" of the Mosque, used as a: Way to locate the Mosque A high place to call everyone for daily prayer And as a giant AC |
| What is the Minbar? | A raised platform on which the prayer leader (The Imam) delivers sermon in the mosque |
| What is the Mihrab? | A portal/doorway-like indent in the wall of the mosque which indicates the direction of prayer (towards Mecca) |
| What are key features of Mosque decorative art? | Arabesque: Floral and Vegetative design to represent life w/o humans Geometric Patterns: Tessellations -> Centralized Tile designs (at least 2+) leaving no gaps or overlap Calligraphy: Using Kufic art to write passages from the Quran artistically |
| Who categorized the 3 main functions shared between religion and art? | Warbeke |
| According to Warbeke, what are the 3 main functions shared between religion and art? | Imagination, Emotion, and Intuition |
| How does Warbeke describe Imagination? | The process of taking experiences and ideas you already have, and creating new meaning & significance. |
| How does Warbeke describe intuition? | The process of immediate knowing w/o logical reason or proof. |
| In Adorno's seven thesis, what are some of his main arguments? | That religion and art have been separated, that their union cannot be willing restored and to try do so is tyrannical. He berates modern religious art for being "election slogans" and make the art empty, etc |
| According to Adorno, what kind of society is required for religion and art to be in unity? | A non-individualistic, hierarchical, closed society that doesn't allow for individual interpretation or discussion of religion or religious art. |
| According to Adorno, a work about universality becomes more profound... | The less they talk about universality. And the more they examine their own, mortal, tiny, material existence. |
| According to Adorno, what has always been a function of art that causes it to be at odds with religion? | Art protests against domineering institutions like religion by inviting individual express and interpretation. |
| What two fields does Danto compare when discussing pluralism? | Art and Philosophy and how it is (was) new to each of them and how it changed and affected its course |
| What are some negative impacts of pluralism that Danto discuses? | Mainly the loss of any reason to choose one medium over another. And a potential sacrifice in quality for the sake of equality. |
| What does Danto say about Art Theories? | That unless they are so abstracted that you cannot tell what type of art they refer to, they are instead art criticism, not theory. |
| What is the End of Art Danto refers to? | That there is no longer one correct choice for art --> We can do anything because everything is considered "good" art --> What is the point? |
| What is Anatman? | The Buddhist "rejection of a self". That there is no soul, that the thoughts themselves are the thinker. |
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WoweePeanut