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Ansc: Digestion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Monogastric | - Pigs - Human - Dog - Cat - Rat *horses too, but they have something special* |
| Pigs | - Have simple stomachs with one compartment - Feed ad libitum (free choice) - Eat large quantities in meals - Concentrated diet |
| Small Intestine: Primary site of digestion and absorption | Digestion - Enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into simple components that can be absorbed Absorption - Uptake of simple components across membranes into intestinal cells and the blood Segments - Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum |
| Large Intestine - "Hindgut" | - Becomes variable with species In general - Bacterial fermentation - Absorption of water, electrolyte minerals, and volatile fatty acids Segments - Colon - Cecum - Rectum |
| Horses | - Have a specialized large intestinal compartment (cecum) - Functional cecum to digest and utilize forages - Hindgut fermenters |
| Cecum | Large pouch between the horse's small and large intestines; important in cellulose digestion; where feeds are fermented |
| Rabbits | - Practice coprophagy |
| Cecotropes | - Produced in cecum - Nutrient-rich, with protein and vitamins - Re-ingested immediately - Essential part of balanced nutrition of rabbits |
| Avian Digestive Tract: Crop | Enlargement of the esophagus where feed can be stored and where some fermentation of feed occurs |
| Avian Digestive Tract: Proventriculus | Glandular stomach - true stomach area (enzymatic stuff) |
| Avian Digestive Tract: Gizzard | Grinds feed into smaller particles via muscle contractions - Sometimes classed ventriculus - Very muscular and has been mistaken for the heart |
| Avian Digestive Tract: Cloaca | Contribute very little to digestion in poultry - Convergence of 3 tracts Urinary Digestive Reproductive |
| Ruminants - Cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas, giraffes, deer, bison, buffalos | - Four compartment stomach consisting of reticulum rumen omasum abomasum - "Foregut Fermenters" |
| Cellulose | - Most abundant organic polymer on earth - Important structural component in plant cell walls (Fiber) - Animals lack the enzyme to break down cellulose - Bacteria that live in the gut can digest fiber (Ruminants) |
| Fermentation | Cow - Rumen - Reticulum - Omasum - Abomasum Horse - Cecum - Large colon Pig, Human - Large Colon - Appendix (humans) (Both super minro) |
| Fermentation Products | Volatile fatty acids (used for energy) - Acetic, propionic, butyric acids (desired) - Lactic Acid (undesired) B complex vitamins Gas (methane, CO2) *Burping and farting* Heat |
| Rumen | - Large fermentation vat (45-44 gal in 1100-1200 lb cow) - Symbiotic Microorganisms present - Microbes ferment roughages Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi - Lined with papillae Absorption Barrier |
| Reticulum | Lining similar to honeycomb - Smaller fermentation area (~2.5 gal) - Located next to the rumen - Hardware Disease |
| Hardware Disease | Sometime cows will accidently eat metal parts that have fallen from machinery and it ends up in the reticulum because of the weight . As calves we make them swallow a magnet so the metal stays together |
| Omasum | - Lining has many fold (many plies) - Absorption of water, minerals, and products of rumen fermentation - Accepts smaller particles only - Well-chewed cud - Digesta from rumen - ~4 gallons |
| Abomasum | - "true stomach" where acid digestion occurs similar to monogastric stomach ~ 5 gallons (cattle) - Gastric juices - HCI - Mucin - Pepsinogen - Rennin - Lipase Highly acidic area |
| Ruminant babies have esophageal groove | - Muscular grooves of reticulum - Allows milk to by-pass rumen, reticulum, and omasum and go straight to abomasum - As calf grows and eats more forages, rumen matures, and esophageal groove disappears |
| Rumination | - Regurgitate - Chew - Swallow - Repeat - Ruminants are cud-chewing animals (8-10 hrs/day) Chewing = decreases particle size, more surface area, better digestion - Saliva functions as buffering agent for acid created during rumen fermentation |
| How much saliva can cows produce per day | ~40 gal/day |
| Nutritional needs change often | - Maintenance - Production (egg, wool, etc.) - Reproduction (gestation and lactation) - Growth - Finishing - Work |
| Animal Feed Classification: concentration | High in energy, low in fiber, and highly digestible (80-90% - Cereal grains (corn, wheat, barley, oats) - Oil meals (soybean meal, cottonseed and linseed meal) - Molasses - Dried milk products |
| Animal Feed Classification: Roughages | Less digestible (50-65)%, lower in energy, high in fiber - Legumes (alfalfa, clovers, lespedeza) - Grasses (Fescue, orchard, timothy) - Silage and stovers (Dried corn, cane, milo stalks) |
| Grain Concentrates | Whole or processed grains Coarse mixed, "Sweet feed" (has molasses on it) Pelleted feed Extruded feed |
| Roughage | - Pasture - Hay - Haylage - Silage |
| Hay = conserved pasture | - Cut at optimum growth for nutrients and yield - Dried ( ~15% moisture) - Baled |
| Baleage or Haylage | - high moisture (~50%) - Bagged, wrapped - Bacterial fermentation |
| Silage | Made from small grain ex corn silage - High moisture - Fermented - Anaerobic - no oxygen |
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