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Biology

Ecology and Final Exam

QuestionAnswer
What is biodiversity? Number of distinct species in an area Genetic diversity Variety of ecosystems in a geographic area Needed for resilience of ecosystems Loss of species interferes with ecosystem function
Why Biodiversity is Important Air and water purification Moderate climatic extremes Detoxification of the environment Soil fertility Erosion control Nutrient cycling Products for human use
Threats to Biodiversity Habitat loss and fragmentation Climate change Invasive species Overexploitation Disrupting natural processes Damming Fire suppression
Ecology Interactions among species and their environment Population ecology Concerned with distribution and abundance Where are they and how many? Demography Study of population changes and the causes
Population Ecology Certain ecological principles govern the growth and sustainability of all populations--including human populations
Density and Dispersion Static measures Density # of individuals per unit area Dispersion Pattern of how individuals are scattered throughout the habitat Random, uniform or clumped
Clumped Distribution Most common in nature Species are adapted to particular conditions & resources Resources not typically distributed evenly throughout habitat Individuals cluster where resources are located Animal live in social groups protection and mating opportunities
Uniform Distribution Individuals more evenly spaced in the habitat Rare in nature Occurs sometimes when competition for resources or territory is fierce
Random Distribution Occurs only when: Habitat conditions are fairly uniform Resource availability is steady Individuals of a population neither attract or avoid one another
Lincoln-Petersen Method N = MC/R where: N = estimate of total population size M = Total number of animals captured and marked on the first visit C = Total number of animals captured on the second visit R = # animals captured on the 1st visit were then recaptured on the 2nd visit
Exponential Growth Equation G = rN G is population growth per unit time r is net reproduction per individual per unit time N is population size (number of individuals) Assumptions: Resources are unlimited No immigration or emigration
Factors that Limit Population Size Density-dependent factors Limiting effects increase as population grows Density-independent factors Limiting effects unrelated to population density
1. Compare and contrast density-dependent factors and density-independent factors that limit population size and growth. Give examples of each.
2. Define a keystone species. Describe a keystone species’ role in community structure. What are the two types of keystone species and describe an example of each.
3. Choose one of the biogeochemical cycles we discussed and describe it. It is fine to diagram it but be sure to clarify where the environmental reservoiroif the nutrient is, how it enters a biological system and how it exits the biological system.
4. We discussed many threats to biodiversity. Which one do you feel poses the greatest threat to biodiversity and is our biggest environmental problem? Describe why it is a problem and why you feel it is the greatest threat.
Community All the populations that live together in a habitat Type of habitat shapes a community’s structure
Keystone Species A species that can dictate community structure Removal of a keystone species can cause drastic changes in a community; can increase or decrease diversity Predator vs. engineer
Keystone Species Elephants in the African savannah Sea otters in kelp forests Dam-building beavers Prairie dogs in prairie ecosystem
Parasitoids Insect larvae live inside and consume all of the soft tissues of the host Used as agents of biological control
Social Parasites Take advantage of the interactions of social organisms Brown-headed cow bird
Kinds of parasites Microparasites Macroparasites Endo vs. Ecto Social parasites Parasitoids
Niche All species in a community share the same habitat Each species occupies a distinct niche Everything species does and needs to survive, grow and reproduce Address vs. profession
Created by: Prdinho1
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