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How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood?
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Which organ converts ammonia to urea?
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Unit 3 Chapter 23
Smartbook- The Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? | By regulating water output |
| Which organ converts ammonia to urea? | Liver |
| The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called | Excretion |
| The kidneys lie against the Blank______. | posterior abdominal wall |
| Urine flows from the renal pelvis directly into Blank______. | the ureter |
| In conditions of severe starving the kidneys can synthesize _________ from amino acids. | Glucose |
| The Blank______ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the Blank______ is the outer layer surrounding it. | medulla, cortex |
| What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? | Urea Creatinine |
| The renal medulla is made up of Blank______ renal pyramids. | 6 to 10 |
| What does the respiratory system excrete? | Carbon dioxide |
| The Blank______ carries blood out of a glomerulus. | efferent arteriole |
| True or False: The left kidney is slightly lower than the right because of the space occupied by the liver just above it. | False |
| The ball of capillaries within a nephron is called a Blank______. | glomerulus |
| Starting at a renal papilla at the top, place the structures through which urine will flow in order. | 1. Minor calyx 2. Major calyx 3. Renal pelvis 4. Ureter |
| The outer layer of the renal parenchyma is called the renal _________. | cortex |
| In a kidney, an afferent arteriole leads to a ball of capillaries called a _________. | Glomerulus |
| What is the renal medulla comprised of? | Renal pyramids |
| What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form? | Nephron |
| Which blood vessel carries blood into a glomerulus? | Afferent arteriole |
| What is formed by a glomerulus and its surrounding glomerular capsule? | Renal corpuscle |
| What is a nephron? | A functional unit of the kidney |
| Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what? | Renal tubule |
| What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney? | Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter |
| What is longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule? | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? Macula densa Glomerular capsule Juxtaglomerular apparatus Vasa recta | Glomerular capsule |
| Which segments of the nephron loop actively transport salts? | Thick |
| A nephron consists of what two parts? | Renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| The distal convoluted tubule is Blank______ and Blank______ coiled than the proximal convoluted tubule. | shorter, less |
| The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a glomerular Blank______. | capsule |
| Nephrons classified as Blank______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface. | cortical |
| Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct? | Renal tubule |
| Sympathetic innervation to the kidneys Blank______ the rate of urine production. | decreases |
| The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border? | Microvilli |
| True or False: Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins. | True |
| Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water? | Thin |
| The process in which water and solutes from blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron is called which of the following? | Glomerular filtration |
| The collecting duct receives fluid from which of the following? | Distal convoluted tubule |
| The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? | Blood hydrostatic Colloid osmotic |
| Which nephrons have long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla? | Juxtamedullary nephrons |
| In young females, the glomerular filtration rate is about Blank______ mL/min. | 105 |
| The nerves and ganglia serving the kidney make up the renal ________. | Plexus |
| Dehydration may occur under which condition? GFR is too low. GFR is too high. | GFR is too high. |
| Glomerular filtrate is most similar to which body fluid? | Blood plasma |
| In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form Blank______. | glomerular filtrate |
| Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood __________ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood. | Hydrostatic |
| The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external control is called renal ________ | Autoregulation |
| Choose all the variables that affect the filtration coefficient. | The surface area available for filtration Permeability of the filtration membrane |
| The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure? | Afferent arteriole |
| If the glomerular filtration rate is too Blank______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur. | low |
| What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? | Filtrate |
| Tubuloglomerular feedback begins with a patch sensory cells on one side of the nephron loop called the macula __________ | Densa |
| The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular ____________ | Filtration |
| The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called ________ feedback. | Tubuloglomerular |
| The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal Blank______. | autoregulation |
| The Blank______ nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR. | sympathetic It is the sympathetic nervous system that causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. |
| In the myogenic mechanism, what does smooth muscle do when it is stretched? | It contracts. |
| Angiotensin II stimulates the renal cortex to secrete which of the following? | Aldosterone |
| Dehydration may occur under which condition? | GFR is too high. |
| Which structures increase the absorptive area of proximal convoluted tubule cells? | Microvilli |
| Match each component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its description. Mesangial cells | Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries |
| Match each component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its description. Juxtaglomerular cells | Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole |
| Match each component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with its description. Macula densa cells | Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop |
| In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called tubular Blank______. | reabsorption ; Filtration is the movement of fluid from the blood into the glomerular capsule. Tubular secretion moves substances from the blood into the tubular fluid. |
| In the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, what is adjusted? | Glomerular filtration |
| In tubular reabsorption, the route in which substances pass through the cytoplasm and out the base of epithelial cells is called the __________ route. | Transcellular |
| The sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine cause Blank______ of the afferent arterioles, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate. | vasoconstriction |
| Sodium ions are pumped into a cell while hydrogen ions are pumped out of a cell by the same protein. What is the protein called? | Antiport |
| How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure? | It increases the BP. |
| The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about Blank______ of the glomerular filtrate. | 65% |
| The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what? | Obligatory water reabsorption |
| In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where? | From the tubular fluid into the blood |
| The maximum rate of reabsorption determined by the number of transport proteins for a substance is called ___________ maximum. | Transport |
| What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called? | Tight junctions |
| Choose all the wastes that are removed from the blood by tubular secretion. | Ammonia Bile acids Urea |
| Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. This type of transport protein is called a(n) Blank______. | symport ; Antiport proteins pump Na+ out of the PCT while simultaneously pumping another solute (like H+) into the PCT. |
| Choose all the solutes that are reabsorbed from the nephron loop. | Chloride Potassium ions Sodium ions |
| Angiotensin II stimulates the renal cortex to secrete which of the following? | Aldosterone |
| Fluid arriving at the DCT contains about how much water from the glomerular filtrate? | 20% |
| About how much water is reabsorbed the PCT? | About two-thirds |
| Which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone? | Collecting duct Ascending limb of nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule |
| Which defines the transport maximum? | It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed. |
| What is the role of the collecting ducts? | To adjust the concentration of urine |
| How is morphine removed from the blood? | Through tubular secretion |
| When a person is well hydrated, which of the following occurs? | Aquaporins are removed from the plasma membranes of collecting duct cells. |
| The nephron loop reabsorbs about how much sodium in the glomerular filtrate? | 25% |
| What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? | The reabsorption of water and salts |
| Choose all of the following that the nephron loop carries out to create the countercurrent multiplier mechanism. | It returns salts to deep renal medullary tissue. It recaptures salts. |
| Aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte ___________while increasing secretion of the electrolyte _______________ | sodium/N/Na+ Potassium/K/K+ |
| Which structure acts as a countercurrent exchanger? | Vasa recta |
| One collecting duct receives tubular fluid from which of the following? | Many nephrons |
| Which of the following describes the appearance of normal urine? | Pale yellow and transparent |
| How does antidiuretic hormone affect the permeability of the collecting ducts to water? | It increases their permeability. |
| The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what? | The concentration of urine |
| Anuria is which of the following? | A low urine output |
| The ______________ loop of the nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier. | Nephron |
| What is renal clearance? | The volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is removed in one minute |
| The __________ recta within the medulla of the kidney acts as a countercurrent exchanger. | Vasa |
| The tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder are called what? | Ureters |
| The color of urine varies based on the body's state of Blank______. | hydration |
| The muscularis of the bladder is composed of three layers of smooth muscle called the Blank______ muscle. | detrusor |
| Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called Blank______. | aquaporins |
| Prostatic, membranous, and spongy describe the parts of which of the following? | Male urethra |
| Fluid intake, diabetes, and some medications can increase urine output, a condition called diuresis or ___________. | Polyuria |
| Filling of the bladder stimulates stretch receptors that, in turn, trigger which reflex? | Micturition |
| The volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is completely removed in one minute is called renal _________ | Clearance |
| The renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into a tube called a ________. | Ureter |
| The openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called the Blank______. | trigone |
| Which describes the urethra? | It conveys urine from the bladder out of the body. |
| The process of urination, or voiding urine is called Blank______. | micturition |
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