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Question

1a. Organize the following list of nervous system elements by their classifications as CNS or PNS elements.
• oligodendrocytes
• thermoreceptors (nerves that sense temperature)
• interneurons
• satellite cells
• brain
• motor neurons
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1b. What is CNS?
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Chapter 10

QuestionAnswer
1a. Organize the following list of nervous system elements by their classifications as CNS or PNS elements. • oligodendrocytes • thermoreceptors (nerves that sense temperature) • interneurons • satellite cells • brain • motor neurons CNS: brain, oligodendrocytes, interneurons PNS: thermoreceptors, satellite cells, motor neurons Page 375
1b. What is CNS? Central Nervous System; Consists of brain and spinal cord Page 375
1c. What is PNS? Peripheral Nervous System; Bundles of neurons (spinal and cranial nerves) Connects the CNS to the body parts Page 375
2. A person is exposed to a drug that prevents vesicles from forming in neurons. Predict the effect this will have on nerve function. Neurotransmitters will not be released into the synapse via exocytosis Page 385-387
3. A certain drug decreases the membrane permeability of nerve fibers to sodium. What would be a possible effect? Lessen pain by blocking receptors
4. A neuron in the aorta detects oxygen content in the blood and relays this information to the brain. This neuron is an__________ fiber in the__________ nervous system. afferent; autonomic Page 367
5. A positive feedback loop occurs when the outcome of an event causes the event to continue occurring and amplifies its effects. Which of the following aspects of an action potential constitutes a positive feedback loop? An initial low of sodium into the neuron opens voltages-gates sodium channels, causing more sodium to enter Page 378
6. If a neuron is stimulated causing changes in the membrane potential to the point where voltage-gated Na+ channels open and begin depolarizing the cell, the neuron is said to have reached__________. Threshold potential Page 378
7. In Guillain-Barre syndrome, the immune system attacks and degrades the myelin sheath of PNS axons. Predict the effect this will have on nerve impulse and motor function. Lost insulation from the myelin will cause neurons of the ONS to lose saltatory conduction, resulting in poor muscle function Page 370-373
8. The oculomotor nerve is a cranial nerve containing nerve fibers that innervate eye muscles and control eye movement. These fibers are examples of__________. motor neurons Page 371
9. What is the function of sensory receptors? Gather information by detecting changes inside and outside the body. Page 367
10. What cytoplasmic structure supports the axon? Neurofilaments Page 370
11. What feature is unique to neurons? Chromatophilic substance Page 368
12. What is myelin? a lipid rich wrapping of axons by the plasma membrane of non-neuronal, supporting cells Page 370
13. A myelinated nerve fiber is_________, whereas an unmyelinated nerve fiber is_________. White; Grey Page 370
14. What is a reason that the axons in the CNS and PNS differ in their ability to regenerate after injury? axons of the CNS lack neurilemmae. Page 376
15. In order for a severed peripheral nerve to regenerate and recover its original function, nerve fibers must sprout and enter tubes formed by__________. Schwann cells Page 375
16. Dendrites of unipolar neurons are parts of what type of neuron? Sensory neurons Page 370
17. How is an impulse transmitted from one neuron to another? An impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft. Page 365
18. How are action potentials related to impulses conducted along the length of an axon? Propagation of a series of action potentials along a nerve fiber constitutes an impulse. Page 380
19. The most rapid conduction of an impulse along an axon occurs on a fiber that is__________. Myelinated (myelin sheaths) Page 370
20. What is the correct sequence of events that occurs along an axon after the membrane reaches threshold? 1. The membrane depolarizes. 2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward. 3. The membrane repolarizes. 4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward. 2,1,4,3 Page 379
21. How does a neuron cell membrane become depolarized? the inflow of sodium ions into the intracellular fluid Page 379
22. When is an action potential triggered? When EPSPs exceeds IPSPs Page 379
23. What occurs during reuptake? A neurotransmitter that has already been released into the synaptic cleft is taken back into the presynaptic neuron. Page 387
24. What is convergence? Axons originating from different neurons leading to the same postsynaptic neuron. Page 389
25. How do diverging axons amplify an impulse? contacting many neurons Page 389
26. Why do opiate drugs derived from poppies relieve pain in humans? The human nervous system has receptors for endorphins. CA 10.4
27. What cytoplasmic extensions, together with the cell body, provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons? dendrites Page 368
28. What is a function of the nervous system? Controls the movement of muscles Page 366
29. What are the three general functions of the nervous system? Integrative, motor, and sensory Page 367
30. Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear__________. White color Page 370
31. How many axons and/or dendrites can a neuron have? one axon and many dendrites Page 370
32. Every neuron has which of the following components? cell body, dendrites, and an axon Page 368
33. Myelin is rich in_________. lipids Page 370
34. Which cells produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord? oligodendrocytes Page 376
35. Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are__________. Multipolar neurons Page 370
36. Which of the following cells is found only in the PNS? Schwann cells Page 375
37. Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS are called__________. ganglia Page 392
38. Which of the following neuroglia are not part of the CNS? Satellite cells Table 10.2
39. Synaptic knobs are at the ends of__________. axons Page 394
40. Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters by the process of__________. exocytosis Page 384
41. When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles within the synaptic knob are released in response to the presence of__________. Calcium ions Page 386
42. Saltatory conduction__________. is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber Page 380
43. The resting cell membrane is more permeable to which ion? potassium ions Page 378
44. If a resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is said to be__________. Hyperpolarized CA 10.3
45. Roughly how long does an excitatory postsynaptic potential last? 15 milliseconds Page 386
46. Each neuron in the CNS may receive input from which structure(s)? From thousands of axons Page 370
47. The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is__________. Acetylcholine (ACh) Page 386
48. What types of neurons are organized into neuronal pools? Interneurons Paget 391
49. What disorder involves an immune response that affects the myelin coating on axons throughout the spinal cord and brain, triggering inflammation and leaving scars? multiple sclerosis CA 10.2
50. What neurotransmitter is most likely released when a person uses a drug that creates a sense of well-being? dopamine Table 10.4
51. What are the two major cell types found in nervous tissue? Neurons and neuroglia
52. What structural type of neuron has a single process that extends from the cell body? Unipolar Neuron
Chapter 10 Updated Jamie Garrison
 



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