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Physio Psych Exam 2
Audition and Somatosensation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Audition(Hearing) | The translation of variations in sound waves into an auditory representation of the external environment. |
| The human ear can detect | Sound waves from 30hz to 20,000 hz |
| Pitch | Frequency of a sound |
| Loudness | The intensity, measure in decibles |
| Timbre | The complexity of frequencies |
| Sound waves | Pass through the ear canal and vibrate the eardrum (tympanic membrane) |
| Eardrum | Connected to three small bones, known as the ossicles, which transmit the signal to the fluid-filled cochlea via the oval window. |
| Cochlea | Contains the basilar membrane. Base is sensitive to high frequencies, lower frequencies are detected as you move along the length of the cochlea toward the top. |
| Basilar membrane | Houses the hair cells of the inner ear. |
| Tectorial membrane | Rests on top of the hair cells. |
| Place Theory | Sound waves of higher frequencies cause maximum displacement of the basilar membrane at the base of the cochlea. Lower frequencies cause maximum displacement at the far end of the cochlea. |
| Frequency Theory | Sound waves at higher frequencies cause more rapid vibrations of the basilar membrane, leading to increased hair cell firing. |
| Cochlear Implants | Bypass the inner ear and send signals directly to the auditory nerve. Sounds are personal. |
| Auditory Pathway | Signals from the auditory nerve cross the midline and are processed in the opposite hemisphere. Info travels to the medial geniculate nuclues of the thalamus, where it is then routed to the auditory cortex. Some info is sent to the inferior colliculus. |
| The Primary Auditory cortex | Has a tonotopic map, auditory processing starts here. |
| Sound Shadow | Head blocks some sound |
| Binaural neurons | specialize in detecting differences in loudness between the two ears. Can also detect split-second differences in the time of arrival of a sound between the ears, also using this to guide sound localization. |
| Top Down Processing | Using knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory info |
| Bottom Up Processing | Taking detailed sensory info, assembling it, then interpreting it. |
| Vestibular organs | Found in the inner ear next to the cochlea, and also use hair cells for transduction of movement. |
| The primary somatosensory cortex | Receives afferent sensation from the body. |
| The Primary motor cortex | Sends afferent motor commands to the body. |
| functions of the primary somatosensory cortex and Primary motor cortex | relies on long-range projections to and from the spinal cord and periphery |
| Dermatornes | Each area of skin relays sensation back to the spinal cord via a single nerve. |
| Spinal nerves | 31 pairs |
| somatosensory system | interprets info about pressure, temperature, and pain |
| Corpuscles and Merkels disks | are mechanoreceptors. When they are deformed by touch or pressure, their membranes become permeable to ions, triggering an action potential. |
| Free nerve endings | Contain specialized receptors for detecting changes in temp. Also contain nociceptors for pain detection. |
| Dorsal column-medical lemniscus pathway | -Touch and pressure -This info enters dorsal root of spinal column -Sensory cells project up the spinal cord to medulla, where they synapse onto-second-order neurons and cross the midline in the medial lemniscus. |
| Second order neurons (touch and pressure) | Project up the brainstem to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, where they synapse onto their order neurons |
| Third order neurons (touch and pressure) | Project to the somatosensory cortex |
| Spinothalamic pathway | -Pain and temp -info enters the dorsal root of spinal column |
| First order neurons (pain and temp) | make synapses onto second order neurons |
| Second order neurons (pain and temp) | cross the midline in the spinal column, and project straight up the brainstem to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, where they synapses onto the third |
| Third order neurons (pain and temp) | Project to the somatosensory cortex |
| First/early pain | Immediate, sensory component. Signals carries by myelinated Alpha Delta neurons, which conduct action potentials rapidly. |
| Second or late pain | Emotional component, Signal carried by thin and unmyelinated c fibers; transmission is slower. |
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