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Microbiology
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of microscopes are used to examine structures down to the atomic level? Scanning electron microscopes Scanning probe microscopes Atomic force microscopes Transmission electron microscopes | Scanning probe microscopes |
| Which of the following organisms is used in the production of cheese? Propionibacterium shermanii Acetobacter aceti Giardia Fusobacterium | Propionibacterium shermanii |
| The binominal system of nomenclature was originally developed by? Pasteur. Linnaeus. Martini. Jenner. | Linnaeus. |
| Fossils of prokaryotes go back __________ billion years. 4.0 to 5.0 3.5 to 4.0 2.5 to 3.0 2.2 to 2.7 | 3.5 to 4.0 |
| Which of the following sites of the human body does not have a normal flora? Intestine Skin Vagina Blood | Blood |
| The formation of polymers from simpler substances is referred to as __. | Synthesis |
| The atomic weight is equal to the sum of neutrons. protons and neutrons. neutrons and electrons. electrons. | protons and neutrons. |
| The smallest units of matter are? molecules. atoms. protons. compounds. | atoms |
| The unit molecules (monomers) of carbohydrates are? monosaccharides. amino acids. nucleic acids. fatty acids. | monosaccharides |
| Lactose is composed of glucose and __. | Galactose |
| The net gain of ATP molecules after the breakdown of one glucose molecule in glycolysis is? 1 2 3 4 | 2 |
| The cell organelle responsible for the packaging of proteins is the? ribosome. Golgi complex. rER. lysosome. | Golgi complex. |
| DNA replication occurs in which phase of the cell cycle? G phase Prophase Metaphase S phase | S phase |
| Absorption is the function of which surface appendage? cilia microvilli pili flagella | microvilli |
| The main function of spores in eukaryotic cells is __. | Propagation |
| The intracellular fluid has a high concentration of sodium. potassium. bicarbonate. sulfate. | potassium |
| Which of the following is an active transport mechanism? Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Filtration Pinocytosis | Pinocytosis |
| Stroma is a component of? mitochondria. chloroplasts. lysosomes. peroxisomes. | chloroplasts |
| The actual genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its? phenotype. genotype. conjugation. construct. | genotype |
| Nonchromosomal DNA molecules found in a bacterial cell are? endospores. transposons. plasmids. prions. | plasmids |
| Microorganisms that show optimal growth in moderate temperatures (between 25° C and 40° C) are called? thermophiles. psychrophiles. mesophiles. psychrotrophs. | mesophiles |
| Methanogens are __ that grow in anaerobic environments such as swamps. | Archaea |
| Microorganisms that grow only in the presence of oxygen are called __. | Obligate Aerobes |
| Staphylococci are __ facultative anaerobes. | Gram Positive |
| Psychrophiles are also referred to as? cryophiles. thermophiles. mesophiles. psychrotrophs. | cryophiles |
| Bacterial replication is accomplished primarily by? mitosis. meiosis. cytokinesis. binary fission. | binary fission. |
| Which of the following is a host-dependent bacterium? Mycoplasma Ureaplasma Rickettsia Micrococcus | Rickettsia |
| The suffix -virales is given to the following terms within the taxon? Species Order Family Genus | Order |
| The correct hierarchical order for virus classification is? order, genus, family, subfamily, species. species, genus, family, subfamily, order. order, family, subfamily, genus, species. genus, order, family, subfamily, species. | order, family, subfamily, genus, species. |
| Which part(s) of a virus aid in the attachment to the host cell membrane receptors? capsid protomers spikes neuleocapsid | spikes |
| Viruses can infect? plants. bacteria. animals. all organisms. | all organisms. |
| Viral capsomeres are composed of subunits called? envelopes. protomeres. capsids. nucleoids. | protomeres |
| The most common viruses causing respiratory illness belong to? Herpesviridae. Papovaviridae. Adenoviridae. Poxviridae. | Adenoviridae |
| A fully assembled virus is called a __. | Virion |
| Picornaviridae are __ viruses. | RNA |
| RNA viruses belong to which of the following types according to the Baltimore classification system? I, II, III. II, III, IV. I, IV, V. III, IV, V. | III, IV, V |
| The study of fungi is called __. | Mycology |
| The unique cell organelle found in the Archaezoa and that appears to be a remnant of mitochondria is called a(n) __. | Mitosomes |
| Which of the following are technically not microorganisms? Molds Protozoans Helminths Viruses | Helminths |
| Which of the following is commonly referred to as a pinworm? Enterobius vermicularis Necator americanus Ascaris lumbricoides Ancylostoma duodenale | Enterobius vermicularis |
| Agents that kill microbes are classified as __. | Microbicidal |
| Autoclaving will usually destroy/inactivate all fungi, bacteria, viruses, and most bacterial spores but will not necessarily eliminate? neurotoxins. prions. protozoan cysts. mycoplasmas. | prions |
| The term “zone of inhibition” is used in which of the following procedures? Use-dilution test Growth inhibition test Disk-diffusion test Multiple inhibition test | Disk-diffusion test |
| The food preparation process in which not all microorganisms are killed, but the number of microbes capable of spoiling the food or causing disease is reduced, is called? sanitation. pasteurization. disinfection. purification. | pasteurization |
| The disinfectant and antiseptic that can be broken down by certain bacteria that produce the enzyme catalase is: Hydrogen peroxide Ethylene oxide Aldehyde Alcohol | Hydrogen peroxide |
| Chemically, agar is a? protein. lipid. carbohydrate. nucleic acid. | carbohydrate |
| A procedure performed under sterile conditions uses the __ technique. | Aseptic |
| Which of the following media are defined and have an exact chemical composition? Complex media Synthetic media Enriched media Special media | Synthetic media |
| In correct sequence, the five “I’s” in microbiology stand for? | Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, and Identification. |
| Which of the following media is often used to grow Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Blood agar MacConkey agar Heart infusion broth Middlebrook’s medium | Middlebrook’s medium |
| Drug administration, absorption, distribution, and clearance are collectively called __. | Pharmacokinetics |
| Drugs and substances with a high probability for abuse with no therapeutic use and a lack of safety controls are classified as Schedule __. | I |
| When drug receptors are maximally activated it is referred to as the? threshold level. peak effect. cessation effect. latency time. | peak effect. |
| A mercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines is? analgesic. EDTA. codeine. thimerosal. | thimerosal |
| Heroin is considered a schedule ____ drug. I II III IV | I |
| Most agents that inhibit protein synthesis involve disrupting the process of __. | Translation |
| When two antibiotics are given together to increase the therapeutic effect, the phenomenon is referred to as? antagonism. mutualism. synergism. parasitism. | synergism |
| ____________ is a recently approved drug approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute skin infections. Xepi (oxenoxacin) Xerava (eravacyline) Nuzvra (omadacycline) Recarbido (imipenem) | Nuzvra (omadacycline) |
| Which of the following aminoglycosides was recently approved for the treatment of resistant lung disease caused by Mycobacterium avium? Recarbio Xepi Nuzvra Arikayce | Arikayce |
| Which of the following is a synthetic antimicrobial drug? Penicillin G Penicillin V Cephalosporin Quinolone | Quinolone |
| All of the following areas of the human body contain normal flora except? Peritoneum. Urethra. Vagina. Mouth. | Peritoneum |
| The type of infection in which several infectious agents establish themselves at the same site is referred to as a? chronic infection. necrotizing infection. fatal infection. mixed infection. | mixed infection. |
| A nonliving object such as a tissue, towel, or even money that can be used to transmit a pathogen to a host is called a(n) __. | Fomite |
| A microorganism capable of causing disease is called a(n) __. | pathogen |
| A worldwide epidemic is considered a(n) __ disease. | Pandemic |
| When an organ or tissue is transplanted between genetically different individuals it is called a(n)? xenograft. isograft. autograft. allograft. | allograft |
| Substances that stimulate the production of antibodies are called __. | immunogens |
| __ occurs when the immune system is unable to distinguish between self- and nonself-antigens and attacks the cells of the body. | Autoimmunity |
| Which of the following organs breaks down worn-out red blood cells? Spleen Pancreas Thymus Red bone marrow | Spleen |
| B cells are responsible for __-mediated immunity. | Antibody |
| Warts are commonly caused by the HIV. human papillomavirus. herpesvirus. varicella-zoster virus | human papillomavirus. |
| Acne is caused by? Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus Propionibacterium acnes Streptococcus pyogenes | Propionibacterium acnes |
| Which of the following is a type of acute infection generally caused by group A Streptococcus? Carbuncle Acne Impetigo Erysipelas | Erysipelas |
| Fungal infections of the skin are referred to as __. | Mycoses |
| Leprosy is caused by __. | Mycobacterium leprae |
| A tinea infection in the groin area is commonly called “__.” | jock itch |
| Langerhans cells, which play a role in defense against microbes, are located in the? epidermis. subcutaneous layer. hypodermis. dermis. | epidermis |
| Variola virus of the orthopoxvirus family causes the acute, highly contagious disease? ringworm. smallpox. shingles. jock itch. | smallpox |
| Diaper rash in infants is commonly caused by Actinomyces. Sporothrix schenckii. Malassezia furfur. Candida albicans. | Candida albicans. |
| The organism often called “flesh-eating bacteria” is? Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Propionibacterium acnes Staphylococcus epidermidis | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| The most virulent pathogen of the human flu virus is type C B D A | A |
| Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through? blood transfusions. fomites. aerosols. oral-fecal route. | aerosols |
| SARS is a respiratory illness caused by? Type A viruses. Coronavirus. Histoplasma. Streptococcus. | Coronavirus |
| Rheumatic fever is a rare complication of __. | strep throat |
| Which of the following geographic areas contains reservoirs for Coccidioides immitis? Iowa South Africa France Arizona | Arizona |
| Anthrax is caused by? Bacillus anthracis. Haemophilus anthracis. Streptococcus anthracis. Klebsiella anthracis. | Bacillus anthracis. |
| SARS stands for __. | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
| The TB skin test is also known as the __ test. | Tuberculin PPD |
| __ is a gram-negative coccobacillus and a common cause of bronchiolitis in children, bronchitis in adults, and occasionally meningitis. | Haemophilus influenza |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-__ bacterium. | positive |
| (+) ssRNA viruses that have been isolated from birds, cats, dogs, pigs, sheep, cows, and humans and are a major cause of gastroenteritis are the? adenoviruses. rotaviruses. noroviruses. caliciviruses. | caliciviruses |
| Botulism is a disease caused by the production of a potent neurotoxin by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. Salmonella. Klebsiella. Clostridium. | Clostridium |
| The painful burning sensation in the limbs known as St. Anthony’s fire is associated with the fungal infection __. | ergotism |
| Microbial life on teeth was first observed by Pasteur. Van Leeuwenhoek. Semmelweis. Jenner. | Van Leeuwenhoek. |
| “Thrush” is caused by the organism __. | Candida yeast |
| Trichuriasis is an intestinal infection caused by the roundworm __. | Trichuris trichiura |
| Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic diarrheal disease caused by Cryptosporidium, which is a(n) __. | protozoan |
| A microbial biofilm that can form on the enamel surface of teeth and often causes tooth decay and/or periodontal problems is referred to as __. | Dental plaque biofilm |
| The most common nematode infection of humans worldwide is __. | ascariasis |
| Giardiasis is a waterborne gastrointestinal disease caused by Giardia intestinalis, which is a protozoan. bacterium. virus. fungus. | protozoan |
| Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by __. | Streptococcus pneumonia |
| In bacterial meningitis, some antibiotics are prevented from reaching the infection due to? chemical degradation of the antibiotic. degradation of local blood vessels. scar tissue formation. blood-brain barrier. | blood-brain barrier. |
| To prevent meningitis, routine vaccination in the United States is provided against? Listeria monocytogenes. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Haemophilus influenza. Neisseria meningitidis. | Haemophilus influenza. |
| Sleeping sickness is caused by which type of microorganism? Bacterium Protozoan Prion Virus | Protozoan |
| The agent causing West Nile encephalitis belongs to which of the following? Arboviruses Parvoviruses Paramyxoviruses Flaviviruses | Arboviruses |
| Chagas’ disease is caused by __. | Trypanosoma cruzi |
| The toxic condition caused by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood is referred to as? bloodborne infection. septicemia. shock. bacteremia. | septicemia |
| The primary bacterial cause of atherosclerosis is? Francisella tularensis Escherichia coli Ehrlichia chaffeensis Chlamydia pneumonia | Chlamydia pneumonia |
| When microorganisms enter the circulatory system through the lymphatic drainage and cause an infection, the condition is called? microbemia. septicemia. viremia. bacteremia. | microbemia |
| Any infectious disease or infection that can be transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans is classified as __. | zoonotic |
| The presence of bacteria in the urine is called? bacteriuria. urethritis. mycoses. toxemia. | bacteriuria |
| In the urinary system, cytomegalovirus infections are typically associated with? urethritis. kidney transplant failure. cystitis. nephritis. | kidney transplant failure. |
| An effective method for treating a UTI is? regimen of antibiotic amoxicillin. flushing the urinary bladder with saline. low doses of laxatives. application of a cold pack over the abdomen. | regimen of antibiotic amoxicillin. |
| The current drug of choice to treat viral urinary infections is __. | cidofovir |
| The __ are the central organs of the urinary system and are responsible for filtering wastes from the blood. | kidneys |
| The most common bacterial nonsexually transmitted infection of the male reproductive system is? nephritis. mastitis. cystitis. prostatitis. | prostatitis |
| Bacterial infections of the female reproductive system include? | vaginitis, toxic shock syndrome, endometritis, and salpingitis. |
| One of the defense mechanisms in place in the organs/tissues of the reproductive tract that prevent microbial infection includes? alkaline pH. high body temperature. high sugar concentration. acidic pH. | acidic pH. |
| Methods typically used to diagnose bacterial infections of the reproductive system include? | microscopic examination of discharge from infected organ and microscopic examination of urine for organisms. |
| Vaginal infections that are resulting from an overgrowth of normal flora are called Correct! endogenous infections. iatrogenic infections. chronic infections. fatal infections. | endogenous infections. |
| The virus most commonly transmitted during pregnancy is? herpes simplex virus. HIV. cytomegalovirus. Epstein-Barr virus. | cytomegalovirus |
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is most common in? infants. adolescents. the elderly. young adults. | infants |
| A fetus infected with rubella virus produces which of the following antibodies that can then be detected in the umbilical cord? IgD IgA IgM IgG | IgM |
| The neonatal infection referred to as “sticky eye” is caused by? Escherichia. herpes simplex. Streptococcus. Staphylococcus. | Staphylococcus |
| Rheumatic fever is usually a complication of a(n) __________ infection. Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus epidermidis Escherichia coli | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Which of the following diseases was declared by the WHO in 1980 to be eradicated? Smallpox Mumps Botulism Pertussis | Smallpox |
| Category B agents would include? Vibrio cholerae. Francisella tularensis. Clostridium botulinum. Yersinia pestis. | Vibrio cholerae. |
| Which of the following is not found in the atmosphere? Phosphorus Sulfur Carbon dioxide Nitrogen | Phosphorus |
| The most abundant microbe population in soil consists of? protozoans. helminths. fungi. bacteria. | bacteria. |
| Which of the following is a Category A agent? Escherichia coli Chlamydia psittaci Vibrio cholerae Bacillus anthracis | Bacillus anthracis |
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