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GEO Lecture Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What kind of volcano is most closely associated with pyroclastic flows? | Composite cone Volcano |
| What are the six major igneous rock textures? | aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, vesicular, glassy, and pyroclastic |
| (chart) What is the minimum depth at which subduction zone metamorphism will occur? | 13 km |
| A mineral's streak is _________. | the color of the mineral in powdered form |
| Which of the following would decrease the viscosity of magma? | an increase in temperature |
| Which of the following is not part of the definition of a mineral? | organic |
| What three factors do volcanologists monitor in order to determine whether magma is migrating toward the Earth’s surface? | changes in the patterns of earthquakes caused by the movement of magma, inflation of the volcano, and the gases released from the volcano |
| Most magma on Earth is produced at ___ plate boundaries | divergent |
| What is a volatile? | Materials that vaporize at surface pressures |
| What are the two main categories of metamorphic texture? | foliated and nonfoliated |
| Can parent rock features such as sedimentary structures and fossils survive low-grade metamorphism? | Yes, they can, because such features can withstand low temperatures and pressures but will be destroyed in higher metamorphic grades. |
| Which of the following textures indicates that a rock is volcanic in origin? | Aphanitic |
| The more the silica in magma, the lower the viscosity | false |
| What role does water play in generating magma? | Water lowers the melting temperature of the rock, allowing it to melt |
| (chart) If shale is buried to a depth of 20 km and the temperature is raised to 450°C, which mineral would form according to the image above? | Kyanite |
| (chart w/ volcano) Based on the volcanic type and construction of the flanks, what assumptions can you make about the type of lava? | basaltic |
| What is meant by the statement “Every metamorphic rock has a parent rock”? | All metamorphic rocks are created only through the change of preexisting rock. |
| Which of the following igneous compositions make up 90 percent of the total volume of lava erupted on Earth? | basaltic |
| At a subduction zone, melting is triggered by _____. | the introduction of water |
| ________ is a widespread type of metamorphism typically associated with mountain building. | regional metamorphism |
| What role does water play in the formation of magma? | The addition of water to rock allows the rock to melt at lower temperatures than if it had not been added |
| An isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons. What is the atomic mass of this isotope? | 18 |
| What is the most important factor driving metamorphism? | heat |
| Distinguish among a conduit, a vent, and a crater | A conduit is the circular path through which magma ascends to the vent, which is the surface opening of the conduit. A crater is a funnel-shaped depression around the vent |
| Which of the following lists of metamorphic rocks places the rocks in order from lowest metamorphic grade to highest? | Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss |
| Which of the following is the hardest known natural substance? | diamond |
| ________ is a felsic igneous rock with a meringue-like vesicular texture, consisting of very small holes, created by small shards of volcanic glass | pumice |
| The granitic igneous rocks that make up the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California and Nevada are ________ | intrusive |
| Which of the following choices best explains the difference between a crater and a caldera? | A crater is a small, funnel-shaped depression; a caldera is a large depression that has a diameter of over 1 km. |
| When Eyjafjallajokull erupted in March 2010, ash plumes drifted southeast over Europe. Why would flying a commercial jet through a cloud of volcanic ash be dangerous? | Ash impairs visibility, clogs engines, and abrades engine parts |
| The ring of fire is a narrow zone of composite cone volcanoes rimming the ________ Ocean. | Pacific |
| Part complete What creates the small holes found in a vesicular texture? | volatiles |
| How are marble and quartzite alike, and how are they different? | Marble and quartzite are alike in that they are both nonfoliated, but they differ in that marble is composed of calcite whereas quartzite is composed of quartz |
| Foliated textures are primarily the result of heat. Nonfoliated textures are primarily the result of direct pressure. | false |
| The most abundant minerals found in granitic (felsic) igneous rocks include ______. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY | quartz and potassium feldspar |
| Most cinder cones have eruptive phases that last for centuries | false |
| What is the term used to describe increasing temperature with increasing depth in the Earth? | geothermal gradient |
| What does a porphyritic texture indicate about the cooling history of an igneous rock? | The rock began cooling under the Earth’s surface, but then was moved to above the Earth’s surface where it finished cooling. |
| How does an atom become a positive or a negative ion? | An atom becomes a positive ion by losing an electron; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron |
| How does magmatic differentiation occur? | As the mafic magma cools, firstly such minerals as pyroxene and olivine crystallize, not quartz and feldspar. Therefore, the remaining melt becomes richer in silica and closer to the felsic magma |
| The ______ determines the chemical and physical properties of an atom | number of protons |
| Using the choices below, select the statement that best explains how dissolved gases drive volcanic eruptions | Confining pressure decreases on a rising magma, allowing gas bubbles to expand and fracture the magma. This process further decreases pressure on the magma and will result in an explosive event |
| What is the difference between extrusive igneous rocks and intrusive igneous rocks? | Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify on the Earth’s surface, whereas intrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify beneath the Earth’s surface |
| Which agent of metamorphism is most important, and why? | Heat is the most important agent of metamorphism because it provides the energy necessary for chemical reactions to occur within the rock |
| Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between pressure and melting point in the Earth's Interior? | Higher melting points are determined by higher pressures. |
| Which of the following best describes a pegmatitic texture? | Large crystals that form in a fluid-rich environment late in crystallization |
| Lavas erupting from composite cones are generally ________-rich, making them very viscous | silica |
| ________ is molten rock that is below the Earth's surface and retains most of its volcanic gases | magma |
| (chart)What kind of metamorphism will occur if the temperature is 800°C and the depth of metamorphism is 7 km? | contact |
| ________ can produce intricately folded rocks. | differential stress |
| Which of the following indicates that a volcanic eruption could be imminent? | A change in the composition of gasses being released |
| A rock can be composed of almost entirely one mineral. | true |
| Which tectonic boundary is associated with regional metamorphism? | subduction zone |
| How do slaty cleavage, schistosity, and gneissic textures differ from each other? | These textures differ in that rocks with slaty cleavage break across their layers; rocks with schistosity exhibit layered structures of thin, platy minerals; and rocks with gneissic texture have a solid, banded appearance |
| What are foliations? | Roughly parallel layers of mineral crystals aligned perpendicular to the direction of pressure |
| What is a lahar? | a mudflow of volcanic debris saturated with water |
| What type of lava is produced at a divergent plate boundary? | basaltic |
| Sedimentary rocks are always the parent rocks for metamorphic rocks. | false |
| A ________ is a solid, naturally occurring, cohesive substance composed of minerals or mineral-like materials | rock |
| A dike is mostly likely to be composed of which of the following igneous rocks? | basalt |
| ________ is a material's resistance to flowing | Viscosity |
| (chart)What is the temperature range over which hydrothermal metamorphism will occur? | 0-400 |
| Which of the following is the parent rock of quartzite? | Sandstone |
| ________ will occur when continental collisions occur, thickening the crust and forcing some rocks to a depth where melting can take place. | partial melting |
| Which statement accurately describes a pyroclastic flow? | Pyroclastic flows, which consist of incandescent ash and lava fragments, can reach many miles away from their sources because they are nearly frictionless and are driven by gravity |
| Which style of metamorphism will be generated by a magma pluton? | contact |
| What is the definition of a parent rock? | The rock that was altered by metamorphism |
| What factors influences the texture of an igneous rock? | the rate at which the rock cools, the amount of silica that is present in the magma from which it forms, and the amount of dissolved gases present in said magma |
| A ________ is a cone-shaped structure created by successive eruptions of volcanic materials such as lava or pyroclastic materials | volcanic cone |
| What is the average increase in temperature along the geothermal gradient in the upper crust? | 25°C per km |
| What volcanic hazard does the warning system installed around Mount Rainier aim to identify? | That system is designed to give residents about an HOUR to avoid lahars, volcanic mudflows. |
| Along which tectonic boundary will chains of composite cone volcanoes be located? | Convergent boundary |
| ________ is defined as a mineral's resistance to scratching | hardness |
| Welded tuff consists of ash surrounding large, jagged, irregularly-shaped pieces of material. What is this material and where does it come from? | Rock fragments that erupted from the volcano |
| Which type of volcanic hazard can decrease global temperatures? | volcanic ash |
| When contrasting lava from composite volcanoes to lava from shield volcanoes, | composite volcanoes most often produce silica-rich lavas with high viscosities, whereas shield volcanoes produce basaltic lavas with low viscosities. |
| Which mineral property is the least useful for identifying minerals, and why? | Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral |
| (image) What kind of volcano is this? | shield volcano |
| What is an ion? | An atom that has more or fewer electrons than most other atoms of that same element. |
| Which two minerals define a felsic composition? | quartz and potassium feldspar |
| Most marine organisms produce the mineral substance ________, which will later become limestone | calcite (CaCO3) |
| The Octet Rule suggests, atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by ________ valence electrons | 8 |
| Based on the definition of a mineral, which of the choices below includes minerals only? | gold and ice |
| With the exception of volcanoes associated with a subduction zone, most volcanic islands are ________ volcanoes. | shield |
| How is magma generated along subduction zones? | Fluids are dehydrated out of the descending plate, which lowers the melting point of the surrounding mantle |
| Crystallization of molten rock will produce ________. | igneous rocks |
| An igneous rock with a ______ texture solidified deep within Earth. | phaneritic |
| Which of the following textures indicates that a rock is of intrusive origin? | Phaneritic |
| Which of the following mineral identification techniques would most easily identify calcite? | Effervescence |
| ________ is the process by which a rock changes form or mineral content as a result of environmental changes such as heat and pressure | metamorphism |
| Which of the following can be a product of a composite volcano eruption? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. | all of the above |
| What is the geologic definition of texture? | Size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in the sample |
| Which of the following minerals is an exception to this rule, naturally occurring in a liquid state at room temperature (at which point they are no longer considered to be a mineral)? | ice |
| Generally speaking, how does the chemical composition of most metamorphic rocks compare to that of the parent rock? | Their chemical compositions are nearly the same. |
| Metamorphism ends when the rock begins to melt. | true |
| Which statement describes the composition and viscosity of the lava associated with shield volcanoes? | Lava from shield volcanoes is mafic and has a low viscosity. |
| What is the particular significance of valence electrons? | Valence electrons form chemical bonds between atoms by being transferred or shared. |
| What was the rate of cooling for an extrusive igneous rock and why? | Fast because it was erupted from a volcano |
| How does decompression melting occur? | When hot, solid mantle rock ascends, it moves to areas of lower pressure. This reduction in pressure allows the hot material to melt into a less compressed liquid phase. |
| In order to cover such large expanses of seafloor, shield volcanoes erupt ________ lava | basaltic |
| ________ is pulverized rock, lava fragments, and ash erupted from a volcano | tephra |
| ________ refers to a mineral's intensity and quality of reflected light. | luster |
| (image of volcano)Based on the volcanic type and construction of the flanks, what assumptions can you make about the viscosity of the lava? | lava is low viscosity |
| Which igneous texture has visible crystals that are a few millimeters across? | phaneritic |
| How do rocks differ from minerals? | Minerals aggregate to form rocks, but rocks do not aggregate to form minerals. |
| Metamorphism means "a change in form." How a rock may change during metamorphism? | Metamorphism may change the mineralogy, texture, and/or chemical composition of a rock |
Created by:
Rylee11