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Final Homework
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stars can form most easily in clouds that are | cold and dense. |
| The vast majority of stars in a newly formed star cluster are _________. | less massive than the Sun |
| What is the main idea captured by this graph? | Low-mass stars are much more common than higher-mass stars. |
| What would you be most likely to find if you returned to the solar system in 10.0 billion years? | a white dwarf |
| This Hubble Space Telescope photo shows a planetary nebula. What is the white dot in the center (indicated by the arrow)? | a white dwarf |
| A white dwarf is _________. | what most stars become when they die |
| A neutron star is _________. | the remains of a star that died in a massive star supernova (if no black hole was created) |
| This series of images shows the pulsar at the center of the Crab Nebula looking bright every 0.033 second. Based on these data and current understanding of pulsars, what can we conclude? | The pulsar is a neutron star that makes one full rotation every 0.033 second |
| What would happen if the Sun suddenly became a black hole without changing its mass? | Earth would remain in the same orbit. |
| What is the basic definition of a black hole? | an object with gravity so strong that not even light can escape |
| Why do disk stars bob up and down as they orbit the galaxy? | because the gravitational pull of other disk stars always pulls them toward the disk |
| How does the diameter of the disk of Milky Way Galaxy compare to its thickness? | The diameter is about 100 times as great as the thickness. |
| What do we call the bright, sphere-shaped region of stars that occupies the central few thousand light-years of the Milky Way Galaxy? | the galaxy's bulge |
| This diagram represents an edge-on view of our Milky Way Galaxy. Of the four labeled points, which one could represent the Sun's position in the galaxy? | Point 1 |
| Red and orange stars are found evenly spread throughout the galactic disk, but blue stars are typically found _________. | only in or near star-forming clouds |
| Notice the well-defined spiral arms in this photograph of the galaxy M51. What makes the spiral arms so much brighter than regions between the arms? | The presence of many massive young stars in the spiral arms. |
| Where are most of the Milky Way's globular clusters found? | in the halo |
| Which of these galaxies would you most likely find at the center of a large cluster of galaxies? | a giant elliptical galaxy |
| Which of the following is not one of the three major categories of galaxies? | globular galaxies |
| Based on this diagram, “red sequence” galaxies are __________ than “blue cloud” galaxies. | redder and more luminous |
| What does cosmological redshift do to light? | stretches its wavelength |
| Which kind of object is the best standard candle for measuring distances to extremely distant galaxies? | a white dwarf supernova |
| Estimate the luminosity of the Cepheid with a period of 8 days. | 2000 solar luminosities |
| Estimate the luminosity of the Cepheid with a period of 35 days. | 10,000 solar luminosities |
| Observations indicate that over billions of years, galaxies in general tend to change from _________. | smaller and bluer to larger and redder |
| This diagram shows several stages in a computer simulation of a collision between two galaxies. What is being simulated? | Two spiral galaxies merge to become an elliptical galaxy surrounded by debris. |
| Observations indicate that galaxies with more massive central black holes tend to also have | a greater mass of stars in their central bulges. |
| The charge of an antiproton is | negative. |
| What happens when a particle of matter meets its corresponding antiparticle of antimatter? | The combined mass of the two particles is completely transformed into energy (photons). |
| What do we mean by inflation? | a sudden and extremely rapid expansion of the universe that occurred in a tiny fraction of a second during the universe's first second of existence |
| The current temperature of the universe as a whole is | a few K |
| Which of these pieces of evidence supports the idea that inflation really happened? | the apparently "flat" geometry of the universe |
| Why do we call dark matter "dark"? | It emits no radiation that we have been able to detect. |
| Dark matter is inferred to exist because: | we can observe its gravitational influence on visible matter. |
| What is a rotation curve? | a graph showing how orbital velocity depends on distance from the center for a spiral galaxy |
| When we speak of the large-scale structure of the universe, we mean _________. | the overall arrangement of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and superclusters in the universe |
| Based on evidence both from measurements of the acceleration of the expansion rate and from careful study of the cosmic microwave background, about what percentage of the universe’s total mass and energy takes the form of ordinary atomic matter? | 5% |
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ava.h14