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History
Three Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia (Section 4)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the quality of life like in West Germany compared to East? | Very good in West, very poor in the East |
| What was the effect of East Germany's low quality of life? | Many people just moved to West Germany |
| By 1958, how many people had moved from East to West Germany? | 3 million |
| What 2 reasons made East Germans crossing to West Germany a problem for Khrushchev? | 1. East Germany was losing skilled workers such as engineers, technicians and teachers 2. It was a propaganda disaster for communism |
| What 2 demands were part of Khrushchev's Berlin Ultimatum? | 1. Berlin should be demilitarised and Western troops withdrawn 2. Berlin should become a free city (Though Khrushchev wanted it to be controlled by the Soviet Union) |
| What did Khrushchev threaten to do if the West didn't agree to the Berlin ultimatum? Why was this clever? | Hand over control of all routes into Berlin to the East German government. It was clever as the West would then have to talk to East German authorities, therefore having to recognise East Germany as a legitimate country |
| When and where was the first summit meeting? | Geneva, May 1959 |
| When and where was the second summit meeting? | Camp David, September 1959 |
| When and where was the third summit meeting? | Paris, May 1960 |
| Name the order of the 4 summit meetings | Geneva, Camp David, Paris, Vienna |
| What was the outcome of the Geneva summit meeting? | Both sides made proposals about how Berlin should be governed, but no agreement was made |
| What was the outcome of the Camp David summit meeting? | The Soviet's agreed to withdraw the Berlin Ultimatum. Relations seemed to be improving |
| When and where was the fourth summit meeting? | Vienna, June 1961 |
| What event ruined any chance of the Paris summit meeting being successful? | The U-2 incident, where a US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union |
| Who flew the U-2 spy plane? | Gary Powers |
| Did Eisenhower apologise for the U-2 incident? | No |
| When did Eisenhower get replaced as president and who replaced him? | John F Kennedy in January 1961 |
| What did Khrushchev do at the Vienna summit meeting? | Renewed the Berlin Ultimatum |
| What did Khrushchev initially think of John F Kennedy? | That he was inexperienced in foreign affairs and he would be easy to gain an advantage over |
| What did Kennedy do after the Vienna summit meeting? | Increased spending on the army by over $2 billion |
| When was the Berlin Wall first built? | 12 August, 1961 |
| What instructions were guards given regarding people who tried to cross the Berlin Wall? | To shoot them |
| What was the reception in West Germany like when Kennedy visited them in 1963? | The loved him and treated him like a hero |
| What statement did Kennedy make in front of a crowd in Berlin? | "Ich bin ein Berliner" (I am a Berliner) |
| Before the Cuban Revolution, how did the USA involve itself in Cuba? | American businesses invested heavily in Cuba and a lot of Cuban land was American owned |
| Who overthrew the pro-USA Cuban government? | Fidel Castro |
| What 2 main things did Castro do after taking over Cuba? | 1. Took all Cuban land owned by foreigners 2. Made deal in which Soviet Union in which they would provide economic aid and buy Cuban sugar |
| What was the secret clause included in the deal between Castro and Khrushchev? | That Cuba would receive arms from the Soviet Union |
| When did the USA break off diplomatic relations with Cuba? | January, 1961 |
| Why did the USA use Cuban exiles to try and overthrow Castro instead of using their own forces? | USA wanted to claim not to be involved, so they made it look like a Cuban counter-revolution |
| When was the Bay of Pigs Invasion? | April 17th, 1961 |
| How many Cuban exiles were sent as part of the Bay of Pigs Invasion? | 1,400 |
| Name the 4 reasons why the Bay of Pigs Invasion failed | 1. Volunteers had little military experience, no match for the Cuban army 2. USA couldn't use any of their own forces in the invasion 3. Castro found out about the invasion before it happened 4. Cuban people didn't help the invasion as the USA thought |
| When did Khrushchev make the public announcement that he would provide arms to Cuba? | September, 1961 |
| What 3 reasons did Khrushchev have for putting nuclear weapons in Cuba? | 1. NATO had missiles in Turkey (Close to Soviets) 2. Russians saw Berlin Wall as a failure of Khrushchev, he needed to restore his reputation 3. Khrushchev may have feared another US invasion of Cuba, so he needed to defend it |
| When were 'The Thirteen Days' in which the world faced the threat of nuclear war? | October 16-28, 1962 |
| What did Kennedy do instead of launching an attack on Cuba? | Set up a naval blockade around Cuba, where Soviet ships would be searched |
| When did Khrushchev order Soviet ships to turn around? | October 23, 1962 |
| What was the direct communication formed between Washington and Moscow called and when was it set up? | The Hotline, June 1963 |
| Why were the people of Czechoslovakia not happy with the Soviet control of their country? | They had few personal rights and consumer goods (they were all taken for the Soviet Union) |
| What were Dubcek's reforms known as? | The Prague Spring |
| Who was in charge of the Czech government in 1968? | Alexander Dubcek |
| Name the 5 reforms of the Prague Spring | 1. Censorship relaxed 2. Trade unions given more power 3. Trade with West increased 4. Czech people given more freedom to travel abroad 5. Idea of multi-party elections discussed, but not agreed |
| Who replaced Khrushchev and when? | Brezhnev in 1968 |
| What action by Dubcek was the trigger point of Brezhnev invading Czechoslovakia? | Inviting Romanian and Yugoslavian leaders to Prague for talks |
| How many troops were involved in the invasion of Czechoslovakia? | 500,000 |
| When did the Soviet Union invade Czechoslovakia? | August 20th, 1968 |
| What happened to Dubcek after the invasion of Czechoslovakia? | He was arrested and sent to Moscow, where he was ordered to reverse his reforms |
| What did Brezhnev say in the Brezhnev Doctrine? | No communist country should be allowed to damage itself or the interest of other communist countries |
| What effect did the Brezhnev Doctrine have on countries part of the Warsaw Pact? | None of them risked making significant reforms until the 1980's |
Created by:
JoeMather
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