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AP GOV TEST
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DOI (federalism) -pros -cons | Experimentation with policy, more participation, leaders in touch with their constituents Lack of consistency, differing policies on issues like gun control, capital punishment, taxes end up creating an equity in states, inefficiency |
| Framers concerns | Popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review, and federalism |
| DOI- Main Sections | 1. introdution/ preamble-states the goals of the document 2.reasons for independence 3. complaints againt British 4. officially declaring independence |
| AOC -Pros -Cons | The Treaty of Paris and northwest ordinance No President, No Judiciary,Congress could not enforce laws, could not collect taxes, and every state had to agree to change articles |
| Constitution -Main Points (ap terms) | Separation of powers Rule of Law Checks and Balances Consent of the Governed Coalition |
| Constitution -Article(A) 1 Section(S) 1 | Creates Congress and the two houses of congress, Senate and House of Representatives |
| Constitution -A1 S2 | Defines the HOR, must be 25, serve two years, citizen for 7 years. Each state gets representatives based on the population. The leader is called the speaker of House |
| Constitution -A1 S3 | Defines the Senate, known as the upper house of Congress. Must be 30 years old, serve six years, citizen for 9. Each state gets two senators and the vice president breaks tie votes |
| Constitution -A1 S4 | Each day may establish its own methods for electing members of Congress requires that Congress meet once per year |
| Constitution -A3 S1 | Establishes the Supreme Court judges are chosen to serve for life |
| Constitution -A1 S7 | All bills must pass both houses of Congress, the House and Senate must agree to the same wording before it is sent to the president. Either he signs the bill, he can veto it so it's sent back to Congress to be voted on again (2/3rd is needed) |
| Constitution -A1 S8 | Gives Congress the power to establish /maintain an army, Navy, post offices to create courts, to regulate commerce between the states, to declare war, to raise money through taxes |
| Constitution -A1 S9 | Cannot be held in jail without a reason, no law can give preference to another state |
| Constitution -A2 S1 | Establishes the office of the president and vice president, served four year terms, presidents are elected by Electoral College, must be 35, must be born in the US |
| Constitution -A2 S2 | The president leads the armed forces, he has a cabinet, he can pardon criminals, he can make treaties with two thirds of the Senate in approval, and chooses judges |
| Constitution -A2 S3 | President must give a yearly speech to the nation, give suggestions to Congress, meet with the ambassadors of other nations, and ensure the loss of the US are carried out |
| Constitution -A3 S3 | Defines the crime of treason |
| Constitution -A5 main points | Two thirds of the representatives must vote on the change of the Constitution, two thirds of senators must vote on the change, three fourths of the states must vote for the change |
| Constitution -A6 main points | Guarantees that the constitution and all laws and treaties of the US to be the supreme law, requires all officers of the US to pledge loyalty |
| Federalist 10 | A large republic will help control factions because when more representatives are elected there will be a greater number of opinions., it is far less likely that there wi....ity oppressing the rest of the people |
| Federalist 51 | Separation of powers and checks and balances are essential to protecting individu....power by one branch of the government |
| Federalist 70 | Are use in favor of the unitary executive created by article two of the United States Constitution to ensure accountability in the government, speediness of the government, and unity |
| Federalist 78 | The judicial branch is the least dangerous branch. Emphasized the importance of an independent judiciary, life tenure and salary protections were put in place to ensure this. Judicial review allows for the constitutionality of laws to be fairly looked at |
| Brutus 1 | Argued the proposed constitution would lead to an overly powerful central government, and called for protection of individual liberties |
| Necessary and Proper Clause | Gives Congress power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution other federal powers |
| Formal amendment process | Two thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or constitutional convention called for by 2/3 of the state legislators |
| Informal amendment process | Over time any changes have been made in the constitution which have not involved any changes in its written words |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Prohibited discrimination in public places and federally funded programs |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Removed barriers to black and franchisement in the South banning Poll taxes literacy test and ensured women can vote |
| Types of Polls- | Straw pulls our unscientific ways used by newspapers to measure public opinion A representative sample pole is 1000 people across the nation exit polls (self explanatory) |
| Agents of Political Socialization- | Family, religion, school, appears, gr....iliations, and exposure to mass media |
| Electoral College | The Electoral College consists of 538 electors. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President. ( each Member in the House of Representatives for your state plus two Senators) |
| Primaries- General Elections- Open primaries- Closed primaries- | =first (party needs candidate) = second (citizens need a politician) = Key term open, to people of either party = Must be registered with that party to vote |
| Political Efficacy | How much do you think you can affect the government |
| Factors affecting the likelihood of voting | Education level, occupation and income, age, gender, women vote more than men, religion, marital status, union membership, community membership, party identification, geography from a residence with enter party competition are more likely to vote |
| 1st amendment | Favored centralization, federalism, modernization, industrialization, and protectionism Peeps:Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison |
| 2nd amendment | A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. |
| 3rd amendment | No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. |
| 4th amendment | The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause |
| 5th amendment | Guarantees the right to a grand jury, forbids “double jeopardy,” and protects against self-incrimination. |
| 6th amendment | Guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a public trial without delay, the right to a lawyer, the right to an impartial jury, and the right to know who your accusers are and the nature of the charges and evidence against you |
| 7th amendment | Protects the right for citizens to have a jury trial in federal courts with civil cases (legal disputes between citizens or entities.)where the claim exceeds a certain dollar value. |
| 8th amendment | Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. |
| 9th amendment | Protects, the right to vote and your rights not explicitly stated in the constitution |
| 10-th amendment | The Federal Government only has those powers delegated in the Constitution. If it isn't listed, it belongs to the states or to the people |
| 13th amendment | slavery begone |
| 14th amendment | due process to states |
| 18th amendment | established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States (no liquor) |
| 21st amendment | undoing of 18th amendment (drink away) |
| Substantive due process vs. procedural due process | Substantive- involves determining whether a law is fair or it violates constitutional protections. Aka the policies themselves Procedural- method of gov action aka how the law is carried out The 5th and 14th amend. (to states) guaranteed due process |
| Writ of habeas corpus | A court order requiring explanation to a judge why a prisoner is being held in custody. |
| Stare decisis | Standing on prior decisions |
| Amieus breif | Friend of the court, essentially judicial lobbying |
| Quid pro quo | Something given with the expectation of receiving something in return |
| Pork barrel | appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to direct spending to a representative's district. |
| HOR vs Senate | Each or, initiates all revenue bills, brings impeachment charges, passes articles of impeachment, apportioned by pop. Senate, confirms presidential appointments, holds impeachment trials, has equal representation from each state, approves treaties |
| Mandatory vs Discretionary spending | Mandatory spending is determined by pre-determined laws or regulations. It cannot be changed without an act of Congress. Discretionary spending, on the other hand, is set by Congress and can be changed at any time |
| Judicial review cannot overturn what? | Bill of Rights |
| Cloture | Rule #22 they end filibusters, only the Senate uses filibusters |
| Types of committees | Permanent, select, and joint |
| Judicial activism vs. Judicial Review | Judicial review is primarily concerned with ensuring that laws and actions conform to the constitution and its established legal precedents, while judicial activism takes a more policy-oriented and proactive approach |
| Incumbency Effect | Detendency of those already holding office to win re-election. The effect tends stronger for members of House than Senate. Advan. include name recognition, credit claiming, volunteers, fundraising abilities, media exposure, experience, voting record |
| Iron Triangles | A mutually dependent relationship among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and government agencies that share a common policy concern. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) Think- The clause of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional judicial review was established | Before Adams’ term ended, Congress passed Judiciary Act of 1801 (creating new courts, adding new judges) Marbury's commission was not delivered. Ruled the commission should have been delivered & declared congress' law unconstitutional |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Think-Necessary & Proper Clause Congress isn't limited to expressed powers Congress’ implied powers had the ability to create a bank Supremacy Clause national laws are superior than state laws | Bank was chartered->Maryland decided to tax the bank. McCulloch (cashier) decided not to pay the tax. The state tax was unconstitutional & the federal government had the authority to charter a bank |
| Schenck v. the United States (1919) Think- Free speech clause does not allow for advocacy of unlawful behavior | 2socialists handed pamphlets stating the draft violated the 13th Amendment, & to disobey the draft. Schenck charged w/ violating the Espionage Act of 1917 Supreme Court held that the Espionage Act did not violate the First Amendment |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Think- The case established stare decisis judicial review overruled equal protection clause (example of how judicial decisions may not be enforced at the state level) | students had been denied to attend public schools because of segregation laws (plessy v ferg) argued against based on the Equal Protection Clause The Court held that “separate but equal is inherently unequal” |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) Think- Establishment Clause of the Constitution | New York Board of Regents authorized a short prayer. Court held that states could not hold prayers in public school EVEN IF it was voluntary and the prayer did not adhere to a specific religion Violates the establishment clause of the first amendment |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) Think- Equal Protection Clause | held that federal courts could hear cases alleging that a state's drawing of electoral boundaries, i.e. redistricting, violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Think- 6th amendment & 15th amendment’s due process clause | Gideon was charged w/ felony in Florida state court Gideon then filed a habeas corpus suit, stating that the court’s decision violated his rights to be represented Ruled the 6th Amendment’s right to counsel applies to state court via 14th amendment |
| Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) Think- Violation the freedom of speech clause | Students decided to wear black armbands in order to protest the Vietnam War. After wearing the armbands to school, they were sent home. Rules students still have free speech rights at school "students don’t shed their rights at the schoolhouse gate" |
| New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) Think-Freedom of press | Nixon prevented NYT from publishing material about US in Vietnam. Nixon stated it was necessary to national security to prohibit it before publication(prior restraint) Court established a “heavy presumption against prior restraint” (press upheld) |
| Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) Think- Free exercise clause | Amish people didn't want to send their kids to public high school because of their religion. The requirement to send children to school beyond the eighth grade was unconstitutional. |
| Shaw v. Reno (1993) Think- Equal Protection Clause & Gerrymandering | North Carolina residents challenged a proposed, unusually shaped district. Racial gerrymandering took place |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) Think- Commerce clause did not grant Congress limitless power Reaffirmed the Tenth Amendment, which protects states’ rights | Lopez (Tx senior) took a concealed weapon inside his school. Federal charges were imposed because he violated Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. The act = unconstitutional bc. a gun in the school zone did not substantially affect interstate commerce |
| McDonald v. Chicago (2010) Think- affirmed an individual's right to possess firearms for self-defense under the federal law | Challenged the city's strict gun control laws, which banned possessing them within city limits (related case District of Columbia v. Heller) the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms is applicable to state and local governments through the 14th Amendment |
| Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) Think-1st Amendment’s free speech clause protected political speech led to the development of Super PACS | Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002) banned corporations from independent political spending and direct contributions to campaigns/political parties. Citizens United not allowed to show an anti-Hillary Clinton movie. corporations are considered people |
| Original jurisdiction versus appellate jurisdiction | Original jurisdiction involves ambassadors, ministers, and consoles in cases where the state is a party. Appalache jurisdiction is granted to all other cases. |
| Formal and informal powers of the president | Formal powers, listed in the Constitution, include executive, legislative, foreign policy, military, and judicial roles. Informal powers, like executive orders and signing statements, stem from the President's unique position in government. |
| hard money | Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. Raising such limited funds is harder than raising unlimited funds, hence the term "hard money." |
| soft money | Money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state and local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts. |
| Connecticut compromise | Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators. |
| Exclusionary Rule | Requirement that evidence unconstitutionally or illegally obtained be excluded from a criminal trial. |
| Party Caucus | A meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders and to develop party policy. Called a "conference" by the Republicans. |
| Commerce Clause | The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. |
| Full Faith and Credit Clause | Clause in the Constitution (Article IV, Section 1) requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid. |
| Pocket Veto | A formal decision to reject a bill passed by Congress after it adjourns - if Congress adjourns during the 10 days that the president is allowed to sign or veto a law, the president can reject the law by taking no action |
| Logrolling | Mutual aid and vote trading among legislators. |
| Discharge petition | Petition that, if signed by a majority of the members of the House of Representatives, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration. |
| Elastic Clause | Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. |
| Work of Thomas Hobbes/beliefs | An Essay Concerning Human Understanding He believed in the separation of powers, (spirit of the Laws -his literary work that advocated for the separation of power in order to prevent a democracy from descending into an autocracy or a monarchy - |
| Work of John Locke/beliefs | You have nat rights guaranteed, and to protect them you enter the social contract If a government didn't protect these rights or exceeded its authority, Locke and John Jacques Rousseau believed the people have the right to revolt (whig party) |
| Work of Motesquieu/beliefs | (Leviathan) believed people were naturally cruel he also believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society (tory party) supported democrats on economic issues republicans on moral issues (his beliefs are opposite of john locke) |
| Pluralist Democracy (a type of representative democracy) | Non-governmental groups organize to try to exert influence on politics (interest groups are the most influential) (BLM) |
| Elite Democracy (a type of representative democracy) | Elected representatives make decisions recognizes an inequality in the spread of power among the populace and the elites dominate (NHS) |
| Hyper-Pluralism | A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government, seeking to please them all, is thereby weakened |
| New Jersey plan key points | Argued that representatives ought to be appointed equally: each state gets one vote small states have the advantage (small state plan) |
| Virginia plan key points | Argued that representatives ought to be appointed by population bigger states would have more representatives and smaller states have less (bigger states support) |
| Federalists beliefs | Favored centralization, federalism, modernization, industrialization, and protectionism Peeps:Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison |
Created by:
BrookeY19
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