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History
(M) Advances in Medicine, Surgery and Public Health, 1920-48 (Section 5)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What enzyme did Fleming discover in 1922? | Lysosome |
| What did Fleming find out about lysosome? | It could be found in tears and other bodily fluids, but only killed harmless microorganisms |
| How did Fleming discover penicillin? | He found mould in a culture of staphylococcus that had destroyed the staphylococcus while he was on holiday |
| How was penicillin different to magic bullets? | Magic bullets were based on chemicals, penicillin was an antibiotic, meaning it used bacteria to kill other bacteria |
| Why was penicillin not an extremely significant breakthrough? | People had already used mould to treat wounds, just no one really knew why it worked |
| Why did Fleming not continue research into penicillin? | He did no receive funding |
| Who discovered that Prontosil could be used to kill streptococcus? | Gerhard Domagk |
| What was the second magic bullet? | Prontosil |
| How was it discovered that Prontosil could cure streptococcus? | Domagk gave it to his dying daughter who suffered from streptococcus in the blood, which completely cured her |
| Who followed up Fleming's research on Penicillin? | Howard Florey and Ernst Chain in 1939 |
| What was the goal of Florey's research into penicillin? | To be able to purify the mould |
| When did Florey's team purify enough penicillin to test on mice? | 1940 |
| Describe the first treatment of a patient using penicillin | A policeman developed septicaemia and had his face and eyes swollen. He began to recover after being given penicillin, but the team ran out of it and he died |
| Why did Florey find it difficult to develop penicillin? | He couldn't get funding, as Britain was at war |
| What did Florey do to get funding for his research into penicillin? | He applied to companies in the USA (who weren't involved in the war at this point) |
| How was penicillin developed by the end of WW2? | There were many techniques for mass producing it, and its use was able to become more widespread |
| From 1942-1945, how many lives was it estimated that penicillin had saved? | 200 million |
| Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945? | Fleming, Florey and Chain |
| Why was the end of WW2 somewhat harmful for medicine research? | There was less urgency to develop medicine and therefore less funding |
| When was a synthetic version of penicillin made? | 1955 |
| What was set up in 1939 to help co-ordinate hospitals for victims of bombings? | The Emergency Medical Service |
| Where were first aid and casualty centres set up in London in WW2? | Near areas that were likely to be bombed, so people could receive basic treatment |
| When was a bomb dropped on an emergency hospital in Sutton? | 1940 |
| Why were female medical students discouraged in the 1920s | They thought training women would be a waste as they would just leave and have a family |
| What medical profession did most women have as opposed to working in hospitals? | GP's |
| What often happened to female doctors when they married? | They were dismissed from their work |
| Why did a number of hospitals decide to pay men and women equally? | Men worried that hospitals would employ more cheap women instead of the more expensive men |
| How many female medical students were there in 1938/1946? | 2,000/2,900 |
| Why was there less demand for doctors in WW2 than in WW1? | Fewer male doctors were called up to the armed forces |
| What nurse group had physical and military training to work abroad in WW2? | QAIMNS |
| What book was published by Harold Gillies and TP Kilner on plastic surgery and when was it published? | Plastic Surgery of the Face, 1920 |
| When and how was Harold Gillies recognised for his work? | He was knighted in 1930 |
| Who joined forces with Gillies and began to specialise in plastic surgery? | Archibald McIndoe |
| What job did McIndoe have in WW2? | He was in charge of RAF pilots' plastic surgery |
| How did McIndoe treat burns differently to what was usual? | He placed patients in a saline bath instead of placing chemical coating on the burned area |
| Why was chemical coating not an ideal way to treat burns? | It shrank the tissue around the burn, giving the patient less movement in that area |
| What did McIndoe's patients call themselves and why? | The Guinea Pig Club, as the techniques used on them were often trial and error |
| What happened as a result of McIndoe's patients having so many treatments tested on them? | Some had 30+ operations done on them |
| How did McIndoe keep an emphasis amongst his patients on a positive mood? | By having beer in the ward and allowing patients to smoke |
| Many of McIndoe's patients feared rejection from society, how did McIndoe's team help them? | They arranged for visits by famous people and had them accepted into pubs and shops in East Grinstead |
| How was McIndoe rewarded for his work? | He was knighted in 1947 |
| How many donors gave blood to blood banks in WW2? | 700,000 |
| What was tetanus? | A disease that develops when microorganisms enter a wound into the bloodstream |
| What important event surrounding tetanus happend at the Battle of Dunkirk? | 17,000 vaccinated soldiers were wounded and none of them developed tetanus |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder was more widely recognised in WW2 than in WW1, what happened as a result of this? | 18 psychiatric hospitals were set up |
| Who was asked to write a report about issues in Britain that could be changed after WW2? | William Beveridge |
| When was the Beveridge Report written? | 1942 |
| What were the 5 main problems identified in the Beveridge Report? | 1. Want 2. Disease 3. Ignorance 4. Squalor 5. Idleness |
| How was the Beveridge Report received by the public? | Very well, most agreed with its proposals |
| What government was elected in 1945? | The Labour Government |
| What Act set up the NHS? | The National Health Service Act |
| When was the NHS formed? | 1946 |
| Who carried out the work of setting up the NHS? | Aneurin Bevan |
| What did Bevan work towards during his time as an MP? | Improving the lives of the poor |
| What role did Bevan have in the new Labour government? | Minister for Health |
| What did doctors initially think of the NHS? | They didn't like it, they thought they would lose money without being able to earn from private practices |
| How many practitioners supported the NHS? | 5,000 |
| How many practitioners were against the NHS? | 40,000 |
| How did Bevan settle the opposition faced from doctors against the NHS? | He agreed to pay GPs based off the number of patients they saw and let them run their own practices alongside the NHS |
| How many doctors were enrolled in the NHS when it came into practice in 1948? | 90% |
Created by:
JoeMather
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