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John Midterm Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who were the first Europeans to "discover" and colonize areas of North America? | Norseman "Vikings" from Scandinavia |
| Bartolomé de Las Casas spoke out against: | The system of enforced native labor adopted by Spain |
| The Colombian Exchange refers to the: | Global transfer of plants, animals, and disease as a result of Europeans landing in the Americas |
| True or False: The New World was named for the Portuguese-sponsored explorer Amerigo Vespuci? | True |
| How did new types of foods from the Americas impact Europe? | The new foods improved the health of Europeans and sparked rapid population growth |
| The first Europeans to sail around Africa and on to India were the: | Spaniards |
| The introduction of horses to Plains tribes: | Replaced dogs as beasts of burden |
| True or False: Cortés enlisted the aid of surrounding populations to help overthrow the Aztecs? | False |
| The city of Tenochtitlán was the capital city of which of the following peoples? | Mexicas |
| What is the significance of St. Augustine in Florida? | It was the first permanent European settlement in the present-day United States |
| Explain the role of conquistadors in creating the Spanish Empire in the Americas: | mostly single, unskilled Spanish men who, as soldiers, conquered and then settled and ruled the lands of Spanish America |
| The competition between Catholic Spain and other European countries, such as England, the Netherlands, and even France, was partly driven by which of the following events of the 1500s? | the Protestant Reformation |
| The primary objective of the hundreds of priests in New Spain was to: | Serve as government officials |
| Explain the impact of the encomienda system used by the Spanish in their American empire: | It meant the native Indians were effectively enslaved as forced laborers for wealthy Spaniards |
| In 1565, the first permanent European town was established in the current-day United States at: | St. Augustine |
| True or False: Calvinism stressed tolerance and liberal theology rather than a strict moral code: | False |
| Recent archaeological evidence suggests that prehistoric human migrations from Asia to the Americas: | might have involved the use of boats by some migrants to cross the ocean to the coast of Alaska |
| Elaborate earthen burial mounds, sometimes topped with thatch-roofed temples, were a distinctive characteristic of early cultures in this region of the Americas: | The Mississippi and Ohio River valleyes |
| By the 18th century, Mestizos made up a majority of the population in Mexico and New Mexico -- who were they? | the offspring of Spanish and Native American parents |
| For which country did Sir Walter Raleigh attempt to establish colonies in the New World? | England |
| What does the term "chattel" refer to? | people held as property |
| How did the Puritans deal with Native Americans? | The Puritans moved Native Americans to "praying towns" |
| How did the Jamestown colony survive? | John Smith imposed strict military discipline and forced everyone to work |
| How did the English conquer New Netherland? | The residents of New Amsterdam refused to defend the colony |
| Where in the Western Hemisphere did most African American slaves arrive? | Brazil & the Caribbean |
| By 1730, which region in British North America became the first in the Western Hemisphere to achieve a self-sustaining rate of population growth? | Chesapeake |
| True or False: Because of its harsh winters, New England was generally the least healthy place to live in the Americas | False |
| What statement accurately describes the English Puritans? | The English Puritans wanted to simplify religion to its most basic elements. |
| The stockholders who invested in the Virginia company were motivated primarily by what factor? | financial profit |
| What was the key feature of the Quaker belief system? | The Quakers sat together quietly waiting for the "Inner Light" of the Holy Spirit to move them to speak. |
| What Native American figure taught the Plymouth colonists how to grow food and helped them negotiate with the Wampanoags? | Squanto |
| After unloading human cargo in the Americas, which of the following did slave ships carry in large amounts for the return voyage? | Tobacco |
| What produced a civil war in England in the 1640s? | Charles I tried to arrest five members of Parliament for refusing to raise taxes for national defense |
| What quality made the Iroquois League unique? | the league consisted of clans led by women and guided by a constitution |
| Maryland was established in 1634 as a refuge for which of the following groups? | English Catholics |
| What crop did the English hope to grow in the Carolinas? | Sugar |
| How did Jamestown finally attain a measure of prosperity? | tobacco production |
| Describe the ship Mayflower: | the ship headed across the Atlantic bound for the Virginia colony |
| Why did division arise within the Anglican Church under James I? | Dissenters believed the church needed "purifying" from Catholic rituals |
| True or False: As a result of their forced conversion to Christianity, enslaved Africans emphasized themes of deliverance found within Christianity | True |
| Which immigrant group settled primarily in the backcountry because of the lure of cheap land? | Scots-Irish |
| By 1750, the English in colonial Pennsylvania had become particularly critical of European immigrants from what country? | Germany |
| True or False: most colonists believed in the inferiority of women: | True |
| Where did the first enslaved Africans land in North America in 1539? | Florida |
| How did Native American tribes respond to African American freedom seekers from Georgia and South Carolina? | they allowed them to remain in their villages |
| True or False: belief in witchcraft was widespread in New England in the 17th century: | True |
| What colony possessed a large ethnic diversity of European immigrants? | Pennsylvania |
| True or False: During the 18th century, demand for slaves in the southern colonies declined slightly: | False |
| What was the outcome of the 1712 "Negro plot" in NYC? | City officials passed a black code to regulate free and enslaved Blacks |
| What was the outcome of the Salem witch craze? | some of the accused were executed |
| When Puritans founded New England towns, they built which of the following structures early in the process? | churches |
| what made the Conspiracy of 1741 unique among slave uprising plots? | White British colonists were implicated |
| True or False: initially, in the early 17th century, many of the first slaves were treated like indentured servants and earned their freedom: | true |
| Describe the triangular trade: | an internal trade system that relied on the transportation of enslaved Africans, manufactured goods from Europe, and agricultural commodities from the Americas |
| Which American city had more enslaved people than any other in the 1700s? | New York |
| What term relates to historical land policy in New York? | patroonship |
| True or False: New Englanders, more than southerners, turned to the sea for their livelihood: | True |
| Why did Hernando de Soto bring fifty African slaves to North America in 1539? | to have them help establish a European settlement |
| In the 17th century, what cash crop anchored the Virginia and Maryland economy? | tobacco |
| Which of the following groups of people dominated educational opportunities in the colonies? | American White men |
| True or False: the publishing of the pamphlet "Common Sense" created a sense of caution among the colonists, urging them to support the British monarchy for fear of punishment | False |
| What did the 1765 Stamp Act require? | it required revenue stamps on legal documents |
| What was the most important contribution of the Sons of Liberty immediately after the passage of the Stamp Act? | they organized protests, wrote pamphlets, and convinced colonial assemblies to pass resolutions advocating boycotts |
| Who was among the most radical of the American rebels and organized the Committee of Correspondence? | Samuel Adams |
| King James II established the Dominion of New England in 1685 in order to: | reorganize the New England colonies into a single colony so that the Navigation Acts could be enforced more effectively |
| The French & Indian War was triggered by: | conflicting French and English claims to the Ohio Valley |
| John Locke's contract theory of government argued that: | men have certain rights in the state of nature, including the right to life, liberty, and property |
| The result of General Edward Braddock's effort to capture Fort Duquesne was: | a devastating ambush and defeat for the British |
| What happened in the Boston Tea Party? | Americans destroyed a large amount of valuable tea that belonged to the British to protest taxation without consent |
| What describes the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvaina? | They killed and threatened peaceful Indians |
| The outbreak of violent resistance against new British policies regarding land and tribal gifts in 1763 came to be known as: | Pontiac's Rebellion |
| True or False: George Washington's bungled expedition and surrender at Fort Necessity gave France control of the Ohio Country and helped trigger a world war: | true |
| At the Great Meadows in 1754, a force of Virginia provincial soldiers faced the French and Native Americans -- the outcome was: | a disaster for a young George Washington, who was forced to surrender |
| The French were the first to explore and build forts and outposts in the Great Lakes region; what advantage did this give them as they vied with Britain for control of North America? | it gave French explorers access to the Mississippi watershed and the vast heartland of the continent and its fur trade |
| What occurred at the Battle of Bunker Hill? | the British suffered major casualties |
| What were the colonial attitudes toward independence in the aftermath of the Battle of Bunker Hill? | few patriots were ready for independence; most still wanted to remain loyal British subjects |
| True or False: the Albany Plan of Union called for an intercolonial assembly or Grand Council with legislative powers: | true |
| As royal governor of the Dominion of New England, Sir Edmund Andros | increased the authority of the Massachusetts assembly |
| True or False: John Locke's writings offered a powerful justification for revolution in extreme circumstances: | True |
| What accurately describes the Navigation Act of 1651? | It required all goods imported into Britain to be shipped on British-owned vessels |
| True or False: though rare, there were examples of women participating in the Revolution as ordinary soldiers in the Continental Army: | true |
| True or False: the Articles of Confederation left many powers to the states: | true |
| What accurately describes a challenge faced by Washington in creating an effective army? | the soldiers, both militiamen and new recruits, lacked training and discipline |
| Which of the following statements about Thomas Paine's "The American Crisis" is accurate? | it bolstered American morale |
| In late December 1776, George Washington was able to reverse American fortunes by: | winning battles at Trenton & Princeton |
| How did the Continental Congress encourage the full-time soldiers of the Continental Army to serve for the duration of the war? | by providing land grants and cash bonuses to soldiers |
| The surrender of some 7,000 British troops at this climactic battle in 1781 led British political leaders to seek a peace treaty to end the Revolutionary War | Battle of Yorktown |
| At Valley Forge in 1778, General Washington obtained the assistance of a Prussian soldier, Baron von Steuben; what was von Steuben's task? | to train American soldiers how to march, shoot, and attack in formation |
| After the withdrawal of the last British troops from the US in 1783, General George Washington decided to do this: | retire from his post as commander in chief of the army and return to his home at Mount Vernon |
| Most of the state constitutions adopted during the Revolution: | limited state government power to protect the rights of the people |
| Was Abigail Adams' appeal "remember the Ladies" accepted or rejected? | was basically rejected, included by her husband John Adams |
| What happened when the British attacked New York in late August 1776? | the American army was fortunate to make a narrow escape overnight |
| Which general surrendered his army of over 5,800 troops at the Battle of Saratoga, creating a catastrophic defeat for the British? | John Burgoyne |
| True or False: the timely arrival of the French navy off the coast of Yorktown gave Washington's forces the reinforcement they needed to defeat Cornwallis's British army | True |
| what was the importance of the Virginia Statue of Religious Freedom? | it guaranteed true religious freedom, separate from the state government |
| Immediately after the end of the Revolution, the most important and popular public ritual in the US became: | Independence Day |
| The war for independence sparked the creation of state constitutions in each of the former colonies; what describes the basic principle of these state constitutions? | states would have a republican form of government with limited powers to protect the rights of the people |
| On the western frontier, the Mohawks, Shawnees & Delawares convinced the Cherokees to | attack frontier settlements in Virginia & the Carolinas |
| Although it was drafted in July 1776 and used during the war, the nation's first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, was not ratified until 1781; what explains the main reason for the delay? | the demands of the war and concerns of some states delayed ratification until 1781 |
| What was a result of the Battle of Saratoga? | France's entry on the American side |
| The collection fo essays known as "The Federalist Papers" was written by: | Alexander Hamilton, James Madison & John Jay |
| One key element of Hamilton's program to encourage manufacturing was his proposal for: | high protective tariffs |
| In regard to religion, which is true of the Constitution: | it prevents Congress from establishing an official religion |
| The Sedition Act prohibited | criticism of the government |
| What is true of Madison's Virginia Plan? | it proposed a two-house Congress |
| Why were finances the greatest weakness of the Confederation government? | States were asked to "voluntarily" contribute to Congress' budget but rarely did or sent little |
| Under the Articles of Confederation, western lands would be: | owned by the national government |
| What was a promise of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787? | slavery would be banned north of the Ohio River |
| Who was an anti-Federalist? | James Monroe |
| In early 1789, the new Congress gathered in the national capital, which was | New York City |
| The Convention, which assembled in May 1787, was supposed to: | revise the Articles of Confederation |
| The Bill of Rights was written to: | safeguard freedoms such as press, speech, and assembly |
| When Britain and France went to war in 1793, which of the following did the US do? | it expressed neutrality, warning Americans not to aid either side |
| One serious economic problem under the Articles of Confederation was | a shortage of gold and silver coins |
| In his inaugural address, President Washington emphasized | national unity |
| According to the Constitution, the president has the authority to: | veto acts of Congress |
| The movement for states to issue paper money in the 1780s gave relief to the nation's: | farmers |
| The "Federalist Papers" argued that | the large size and diversity of the new country would make it impossible for any one faction to control the government |
| What did Adams do shortly before he left office? | He cemented Federalism within the judiciary |
| Shays' Rebellion broke out in | Massachusetts |
| Thomas Jefferson's inaugural address reflected | a tone of republican simplicity and conciliation |
| Which war hawk loudly proclaimed that his state of KY was ready to march on Canada and rid the Northwest of its so-called Indian problem? | Henry Clay |
| Why was the Battle of New Orleans significant even though the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed? | the fact that America won New Orleans back from the British and kept it |
| Which of the following is true of impressment in the early 19th century? | British warships stopped American merchant ships and forced sailors into the British navy |
| As the War of 1812 started, one strength of the United States was | a small but capable navy |
| Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to map out and explore well beyond the MS river; they eventually: | made it to the Pacific Ocean |
| What was the outcome of the Battle of Horsehoe Bend? | Andrew Jackson won a decisive victory over the Red Stick Creeks |
| Why did Thomas Jefferson decide to purchase Louisiana despite his constitutional concerns? | he wished to remove the threat of French control of New Orleans and to double the size of the US |
| Who served as Thomas Jefferson's secretary of the Treasury and earned the respect of both Republicans and Federalists with his financial skills? | Albert Gallatin |
| The Louisiana Purchase was made possible by: | Napoleon's disastrous setback in Haiti |
| In the case of Marbury vs. Madison, the Supreme Court chief justice who established the principle of judicial review was: | John Marshall |
| Which of the following did the US feel could be done with only slight pressure? | it would gain control of Canada, separating it from Great Britain |
| True or False: Thomas Jefferson signed an act outlawing the importation of foreign slaves from Africa as of 1808. | True |
| In the case of Marbury vs. Madison, the Supreme Court decided that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was | unconstitutional, because the Constitution only specified that the Court should have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign ambassadors or nations |
| True or False: the congressional vote to declare war for the War of 1812 was the closest in America's history of warfare | True |
| True or False: Marbury vs. Madison was sparked by Jefferson's attempts to repeal the judgeships initiated by Adams' last-minute appointments | True |
| As a result of the War of 1812, President Madison | learned the value of some Federalist policies |
| How did Thomas Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807 impact the American economy? | it drastically reduced the value of US exports and destroyed the economy, especially in New England |
| Many supporters of the declaration of war on Britain in 1812 hoped that the conflict might enable America to | capture Florida from the Spanish and British |
| What is true of teh Leopard's attack on the Chesapeake? | it created war fever in the United States |
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