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PHM 105
PHM105 MIDTERM Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four main functions of the nervous system? | 1. body's communication network (sending/receiving messages in & outside the body) 2. receiving/processing sensory info. (touch, pressure, taste, smell, vision, & sound) 3. Motor control (voluntary/involuntary) 4. Automatic responses (reflexes,breath-) |
| What are the two primary divisions of the nervous system? | CNS-Central Nervous System PNS-Peripheral Nervous System |
| What are the three states of transmission? | Polarized (negative charge) - resting state, channels closed Depolarized (positive charge) - sodium channels open, positive charge builds up Repolarized (negative charge) - channels close, potassium channels open, restores to resting state |
| What occurs during "flight-or-fight"? | Reaction to stressful situations. SNS shuts down body nonessential systems & redirects energy to other areas like muscular system, organs, & tissues for emotional situations. |
| What are the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system? | Norepinephrine & epinephrine vvv--[Drug that mimics]--vvv Sympatholytics (adrenergics)-block drug action |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system is active during stressful situations? | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| What does the CNS consists of? | Brain, brainstem, spinal cord |
| What does PNS consists of? | Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System |
| What auxillary label(s) is/are associated with ALL anticonvulsants? | Do not stop taking abruptly |
| Which routes of administration can a patient receive Imitrex? | Oral, Nasal spray, SubQ injection |
| How are injectable immune modifiers stored? | Must be refrigerated |
| What is the essential element for T3 and T4 production? | Iodine |
| What regulatory system does the endocrine use to maintain homeostasis? | Negative feedback |
| What are the glands of the endocrine system? | Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands |
| What is the largest endocrine organ? | Pancreas |
| Levothyroxine is found in which brand medications? | Synthroid & Levoxyl |
| What auxillary labels are appropriate for orlistat? | Take with food Do not take with multivitamins |
| What are the names of the long lasting insulin? | Lantus, Basaglar KwikPen, Toujeo Max SoloSTAR, Toujeo SoloSTAR (insulin glargine) Levemir (insulin detemir) |
| What does hypokalemia mean? | Low concentration of potassium in the blood |
| What are the steroid hormones? | cortisol & aldosterone (adrenal cortex), estrogen & progesterone (ovaries), and testosterone (testes) |
| What are the protein hormones? | insulin, growth hormone (GH), and calcitonin |
| Which substances help with maintaining calcium levels? | calcitonin, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone |
| What are the most severe side effects of opioid medications? | Miosis, Euphoria, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION |
| What medication is Reye Syndrome linked to? | Aspirin |
| What are the risk factors contributed to the development of Oseteoarthritis (OA)? | ADVANCED AGE, obesity, repetitive joint overuse, joint trauma, genetic & environmental causes |
| What is the significance of a patient not taking aspirin while taking warfarin? | Avoid additive bleeding risk |
| Which enzyme did first-generation NSAID's inhibit which caused a negative GI side effects? | COX-1 inhibitor |
| Which medication is the only COX-2 inhibitor in the United States? | Celecoxib (celebrex) |
| What are opioid analgesics? | An analgesic medication that activates opioid receptors |
| What are the auxiliary labels for opioid analgesics? | May cause dizziness or drowsiness Avoid alcohol Caution: Federal law prohibits the transfer of this drug to any person other than the patient for whom it was prescribed |
| What is the suffix of Beta-Blockers? | -olol |
| What are the medications and their classifications that treat hyperlipidemia? | -statin, "fib"s/fibrates, colestipol, omega-3-acid ethyl esters, niacin, cholestyramine, colesevelam, ezetimibe |
| What is known as "good" cholesterol? | HDL - high-density lipoproteins |
| What drugs are prescribed for heart failure? | beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, statins, aspirin, and other antiplatelet drugs (eg, clopidogrel [Plavix]) |
| What are the types of angina? | 1. Stable angina 2. Variant angina 3. Unstable angina |
| What is a myocardial infarction? | "HEART ATTACK" myocardial tissue death resulting from sudden deprivation of oxygenated blood flow, often a result of a blood clot plugging a coronary artery |
| What type of drug will most likely be used first to treat hypertension? | thiazide diuretic |
| What does LMWH stand for? | Low-molecular-weight-herparin |
| What is LMWH for? | “bridge therapy”, used to prevent clot formation until warfarin achieves a therapeutic level. |
| What is the epiglottis? | It automatically obstructs the trachea, similar to a trapdoor, when swallowing takes place/ keeps food, liquid, and saliva from entering the airway/ choking can happen if food enters the trachea rather than the esophagus |
| What risks are associated with the box label for Levaquin? | Increased risk for tendonitis & tendon rupture |
| What are the functions of the lungs? | facilitate oxygen absorption during inhalation and carbon dioxide removal during exhalation |
| What are the average respiratory rates for the different age ranges? | adults is 12 to 18 breaths/min 6-12yrs is 18 to 30 breaths/min infant rate from birth to 1 year is 30 to 60 breaths/min |
| What is the major respiratory side effects a patient may experience after taking opioids? | suppress respiratory rate |
| What is rebound congestion? | decongestants can worsen nasal congestion with rebound congestion like oxymetazoline (AFRIN) and phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) |
| What agents can be used as expectorants? | guifenesin |
| Which medication(s) are classified as C-V? | Phergan with codeine |
| What population of people is influenza considered fatal? | Elderly, children, & immunocompromised |
| What should an antiviral used to treat influenza be started? | 48 hours |
| What are some antidiarrheal medications? | diphenoxylate with atropine & loperamide |
| What are the functions of the GI system? | Absorption Digestion Metabolism Excretion |
| What organs are most involved in the absorption of nutrients? | stomach & small intestine |
| What are the names of the auxiliary organ? | tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder |
| What is peristalsis and where does it occur? | involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation, which begins in the esophagus to propel food downward |
| Why should the acidity of the stomach be taken into consideration for the administration of medication? | can affect drug and mineral absorption |
| What are OTC's that do not affect the chemoreceptor trigger zone used for? | Emetrol |
| What are the proteins in food broken down to? | smaller peptides & AMINO ACIDS |
| What does the gallbladder release? | Bile |
| What is/are Helicobacter Plyori? | organisms often found in gastric and duodenal ulcers |
| What synthesis are the kidneys found in? | Vitamin D, Renin, Erythropoietin |
| What is the most common cause of a UTI and it's proper treatment? | Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) acquired from the colon Antimicrobial agents primary treatment course for UTI's |
| What is nocturia? | Bed-wetting |
| What are Cations and Anions of electrolytes? Which are positive/negative? | Cations + Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium Anions - Bicarbonate, Chloride, Phosphate |
| What are some loop diuretics? | Furosemide (Lasix), Bumetanide (Bumex), Torsemide (Demadex), Etacrynic acid (Edecin) |
| What stage is considered end-stage renal disease? | 5 |
| What is the side effects of ALL diuretics? | Hypokalemia |
| Where are the kidneys located? | inside the upper abdominal cavity, with one kidney on each side of the vertebral column |
| What is acidosis? | increase in blood acidty; blood's pH is lower |
| What can be experienced by a person with hypotension? | drug side effect |
Created by:
averycorona
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