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PHM 105 - Final Exam
Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What's the definition of palliative? | Something that brings relief but does not cure |
| What principle medications are used to treat conditions of the female reproductive system? | Estrogens |
| What are the conditions estrogen is used for? | Treats hypogonadism & infertility |
| What are reasons as to why women would take estrogen? | Increase the possibility of contraception, relieve symptoms of menopause |
| What are the primary estrogen products? | conjugated estrogen, estradiol |
| What forms of estrogens are available for use? | implants, vaginal inserts, oral & injectable preparations (water/oil based) |
| What has been discussed concerning menopause? | It is an age-related natural loss of hormone production |
| What alpha-blocker is not used for hypertension? | Flomax |
| What causes erectile dysfunction? | Insufficient blood flow to the penis |
| What is the defintion of Hematopoiesis? | the formation of blood cells |
| What is the definition of DMARDs? | Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs |
| What is the definition of RA? | A progressive degenerative and crippling autoimmune joint disease |
| A person must be how old to purchase Plan B without a prescription? | 17 years |
| What is the definition of Propylthiouracil (PTU) ? | (PTU) An antithyroid medication to treat Graves' disease |
| Which hormone causes weight gain cramping, swelling, acne, and anxiety in the last 2 weeks of a woman's cycle? | Progesterone |
| What had been discussed concerning sperm production? | Sperm production begins before puberty and decreases with age |
| 5-Alpha reductase inhibitors are used in the treatment of what? | BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) |
| What is the major drug interaction between phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as sildenafil (Viagra) and nitrates/ | Severe Hypertension |
| What can lead to Erectile Dysfunction? | Substance abuse (alcohol, cocaine, marijuana) Medication side effects(Low testosterone levels, Prostatitis) |
| What are some autoimmune disorders? | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS, Graves' disease, Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1) |
| How can Methotrexate (Rheumatrex) for RA be administered? | Orally |
| What is Propylthiouracil used for? | decrease thyroid production in Graves disease |
| What are some facts about chronic inflammation? | Occur locally or systematically, Lead to development of scar tissue, Alter organ's ability to function optimally |
| What route of administration is used for Belimumab (Benlysta) to treat SLE? | Intravenously (IV) |
| What medication can be administered orally for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)? | Methotrexate |
| What autoimmune disease has become the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States? | Hashimoto thyroiditis |
| When it comes to vaccines, What does attenuated mean? | Weakened |
| What is true concerning an inactivated viral vaccine? | Immune system recognizes the viral capsid (outer covering) and boosters must be administered |
| What is tinnitus? | Ringing or buzzing in the ears |
| Which type of health care provider cannot prescribe any type of medication? | Optician |
| General considerations regarding ophthalmic antibiotics include what? | Maintaining sterility & not using them with contacts in the eye |
| What are some classifications of medications that are available in ophthalmic formulations for allergic conjunctivitis? | Antihistamines, Decongestants, Mast cell stabilizers |
| Ketoprofen & Flubiprofen are what classification of ophthalmic drugs? | NSAIDs |
| Which medication is the primary ophthalmic antifungal agent? | Natamycin |
| How is lantanoprost (Xalatan) stored? | Refrigerated |
| Which medication can permanently change the color of the eye, thicken & darken the lashes, and darken the eyelids? | Xalatan & Lumigan |
| Which drug class categories are used to treat glaucoma? | Beta-adrenergic blockers, carbonic-anhydrase inhibitors, Sympathomimetics |
| Which medication is a prescription indicated for the treatment of severe dry eyes? | Cyclosporine (Restalsis) |
| A lack of hair growth is called what? | Alopecia |
| Tacrolimus is used for what? | Topical calcineurin inhibitor for Eczema & organ transplant rejection prophylaxis |
| What is usually the first-line therapy for psoriasis? Is it cureable? | Topical agents, Occlusion therapy uses moisturizers No |
| What major side effect is a concern with immunosuppressive therapy? | increased risk for infection |
| Which organ produces lymphocytes? | Thymus produce and "educate" (mature) |
| What are the major organs of the lymphatic system? | bone marrow, thymus, spleen, tonsils |
| What are key take aways about the spleen? | Largest lymphoid organ, left upper abdomen, filters large amounts of blood cells, primary site of immune responses to blood-borne disease, tow main areas (red/white pulp), contains 25% of body's lymphocytes, T cells shelter until activated |
| How is the pupil best defined? | circular opening in iris that allows light to enter |
| How are the retinal cones and rods best defined? | cones detect color; rods are responsible for sight in dim light & produce only black & white images; rods & cones synapse(connect) with nerve endings, signals pass through the optic nerve to the brain |
| How is the iris best defined? | colored part of the eye seen through the cornea, consists of smooth muscles that regulate pupil size |
| How are the lens best defined? | Flexible, clear tissue that focuses images |
| How is mydriasis best defined? | Dilation of the pupil |
| What other name does the typanic membrane go by? | eardrum |
| What are the sensory organs that were discussed? | eyes, ears, & nose |
| What is the job of an optician? | make lenses to compensate for vision loss, but they cannot prescribe medication |
| What is the job of an optometrist? | perform eye examinations and may prescribe certain eye medications |
| What is the job of an ophthalmologist? | doctors who treat major conditions affecting the eye and perform surgery |
| What are the four layers of the eyelid? | outer skin, muscles, connective tissue, & conjunctiva |
| When using ophthalmic medications, what are some things the patient must consider? | Keep eye solutions sterile, foreign objects instilled into the eyes can cause damage or infection, remove contact lenses before instilling most medications |
| How is the skin best defined? | protects the body, regulates temperature, and acts as a sensor to outside stimuli |
| How is the epidermis best defined, and what does it contain? | top skin portion, protects layers below, contains melanocytes, which produce the skin pigment melanin |
| How is pruritus best defined? | Itching |
| What is composed of keratin? | primary component in hair, also nails |
| What medications require participation in the iPLEDGE program? | oral retinoids like isotretinoin (Amnesteem, Claravis) |
| What is the generic name of Retin-A? | tretinoin |
| What is Polycythemia? | chronic condition of RBC overproduction |
| What are the functions of the blood? | carry oxygen & nutrients throughout the body, carries wastes from the tissues & organs to kidneys & liver for elimination, transports immune system cells to sites of infection & injury |
| What is Hyperproteinemia? | AKA high blood protein, a metabolic disorder that occurs when there is too much protein in the blood. It's not a specific disease, but it can indicate that you have one, associated with increased plasma protein concentration (PPC) |
| What can pernicious anemia cause? | Vitamin B12 deficiency resulting from congenital or acquired deficiency of intrinsic factor |
| What is pernicious anemia? | an autoimmune condition that prevents your body from absorbing vitamin B12 |
| What do we need to know about erythrocytes? | red blood cells (RBCs), most prevalent cells in blood, main function (carry oxygen to tissues & organs), erythropoiesis takes place in bone marrow, and the hormone erythropoietin (produced by the kidneys) largely drives it |
| What blood component is essential for clotting? | Platelets (thrombocytes) |
| What are characteristics of erythopoietin? | hormone secreted by kidney, stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow, used for low RBC (kidney disease/other medical conditions), can lead to Polycythemia vera with overproduction due to increased sensitivity of stem cells in the bone marrow |
| What element is necessary for the production of hemoglobin? | iron |
| In which form of anemia do RBCs take on an abnormal shape? | sickle cell |
| What is the primary treatment for iron-deficiency anemia? | Iron replacement therapy |
| How is an antipyretic best defined? | drugs that reduce fever |
| What is an example of an antipyretic? | NSAIDs (analgesic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory) Acetaminophen/Tylenol (analgesic & antipyretic) |
| How is an expectorant best defined? | Chemicals that loosen and thin sputum and bronchial secretions |
| What is an example of an expectorant? | guaifenesin/Mucinex |
| How is aspirin best described? | NSAID (analgesic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory), low dosage can prevent platelet clotting to help avoid heart attack and stroke |
| What should be remembered about aspirin use? | Reye’s syndrome can affect children who take products containing this drug |
| When is a patient counselled that has Medicaid benefits who made an OTC purchase? | receiving new prescriptions, pharmacists ask about OTC medication use because these items can interact with prescription drugs and medical conditions |
| What reasons should a patient purchase OTC products? | Accessibility: round-the-clock access to care Affordability: save time and expense Trust: OTC medications are safe and effective. Empowerment: Patients can involve pharmacists as advisers to make their own decisions about care. |
| What are pharmacists concerns with the use of OTC products? | it can pose risks if excluded from the patient profile, can interact with prescription drugs and medical conditions |
| What organ is at risk for an overdose of Tylenol? | liver |
| What drug classification of OTC medications are available for allergies? What is it used to treat? | Antihistamines: Oral (non)sedating pruritus (itching); hives; sneezing; and itchy, runny eyes |
| What are natural products? | Complimentary & Alternative Medicine herbs (herbal remedies), vitamins, minerals, and other natural products, such as probiotics |
| What other names does Echinacea go by? | purple coneflower |
| What is Echinacea commonly used to treat when taken orally? | immunostimulant, treating and preventing the common cold and other upper respiratory tract conditions |
| What is oral garlic used to treat? | has antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive, and antifungal effects Atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, reduce the number of tick bites |
| What is saw palmetto used to treat? | benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) but is also used orally as a mild diuretic, sedative, antiseptic, and antiinflammatory agent |
| What is Ginkgo used to treat? | Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia |
| What is cranberry used to treat? | treatment and/or prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) |
| What is the black cohosh used to treat and what organ can be affected by it? | hot flashes associated with menopause, liver |
| What is St. John's wort used to treat? | depression and anxiety |
Created by:
averycorona
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