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What is the Human Genome Project?
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Mod 1.2 - Rady
Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Human Genome Project? | - Launched in 1990 - aimed to decode the human genome - coordinated by NIH and DOE - carried out worldwide -published in 2003 |
| What does DOE stand for | Department of Energy |
| What does NIH stand for | National Institutes of Health |
| Define genome | all of the DNA found within all of our chromosomes |
| What did the Human Genome Project reveal about chromosomes? | each set of chromosomes is composed of a DNA sequence that is approx. 3 billion base pairs long with 99.99% accuracy |
| How many chromosomes in the human cell? | 46, 23 pairs |
| How long is the DNA in our body in a straight line? | around 2 meters long |
| How many genes are present for coding proteins? | approx 20,000-25,000 perform most life functions |
| How many DNA base pairs per set of chromosomes (A,T,G,C) | 3 billion |
| What is genetics, broadly? | the study of heredity and variation centered around the study of genes |
| What is a gene? | - a unit - segment of DNA that produces a functional product like a polypeptide - provide the blueprint that determines the traits of an organism |
| What is a triat? | the characteristics of an organism |
| What are the 4 main types of large molecules in cells? How are they connected? | all cells contain Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids held together by chemical bonds |
| Where are chromosomes found? | in the nucleus |
| What is DNA made out of? | nucleotide building blocks form chromosomes |
| What determines cellular structure and function? | the kinds of proteins it produces |
| Define proteome. | all of the proteins that a cell makes at a given time |
| Proteins are the ______ of cells | workhorses |
| T/F: All proteins have the same function. | False |
| What are structural proteins called? What do they do? | Tubulin - aggregates to form microtubule and also lay a role in cell shape and movement |
| What are contractile proteins called? What do they do? | Myosin - plays a role in muscle contraction (duh) |
| What are Hormonal proteins called? What do they do? | Insulin - regulates blood-glucose levels in blood |
| What are enzymes? | biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions |
| What do catabolic enzymes do? | - they are involved in the breakdown of large molecules - provide the cell with energy |
| What do anabolic enzymes do? | - involved in the synthesis of large molecules - provide components for the constructure of the cell |
| What is DNA? | the genetic material in all living organisms AKA Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| Is there a different in virus genetic material in comparison to living things? | yes - living things use DNA, viruses use RNA |
| What does DNA do? | - encodes the information required to synthesize all cellular proteins - its molecular structure allows this |
| DNA is a polymer of _____________. | nucleotides |
| What is the structure of DNA? | A phosphate group attached to a 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. it is all kept together through the linearly linked phosphate groups and each nitrogenous base h-bonds with its complement antiparally |
| What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA? | Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine |
| What is the purpose of the genetic code? | to direct the order of amino-acids |
| How many genes on average does a single human chromosome have? | about 1,000 different genes and more than 100 million nucleotides |
| Explain Gene Expression. | 1. Transcription occurs where the genetic info in DNA is copied into a nuclotide sequence of RNA (mRNA) 2. Translation where the RNA's nucleotide sequence uses the genetic code to make an amino acid sequence of a protein |
| What is a Morphological trait? Give example | a trait that affects the appearance of the organism Ex: flower color |
| What is a Physiological trait? Give example | a trait that affects the function of the organism Ex: ability to metabolize sugar |
| What is a Behavioral trait? Give example | a trait that affects the ways an organism responds to the environment Ex: mating calls of birds |
| What controls traits? | genes |
| What are the levels of the relationship between genes and traits? | 1. molecular level - gene expression 2. cellular level - protein function 3. organism level - traits observed 4. population level - genes/traits within a species are seen |
| Define genetic variation | the difference in inherited traits amoung individuals within apopulation |
| What are morphs? | contrasting forms within a single species |
| What are the three forms of genetic variation? Explain each slightly | 1. gene mutation - change in sequence, leads to 2 or more alleles of same gene 2. changes in chromosome structure - large parts of chromosomes can be lost, duplicated, or reattached to another 3. change in chromosome number - either lost or gained |
| T/F: traits an individual expresses result from genes alone. Explain if false. | F - traits are a result of the interaction between genes and the environment |
| What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)? How is it treated? | when a person with 2 copies of a rare inactive allele cannot mtabolize phenlalanine to tyrosine throguh the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Newborns who test positive are put on a stricter diet without phenylalanine |
| What is a diploid? | a cell or organism that has two complete sets of chromosomes |
| What are homologs? Are the the same/Different? | the two copies of a chromosome, yes they contain the same genes but not always the same alleles |
| Are there any non-homologous chromosomes in the human body? | Yes - the X and Y chromosomes in males |
| What is a haploid? | a cell that contains half the genetic material found in somatic cells - gametes (sperm and egg cells) are typically haploid |
| How is a diploid organism made if sex cells are haploid? | the union of sperm and egg combine during fertilization and restore the diploid |
| What is the main point of sexual reproduction? | to enchance genetic variation in offspring |
| T/F: Sexual reproduction can result in combinations of traits not found in either parent. If false, explain. | True |
| Define biological evolution | the genetic makeup of a population changing over many generations |
| What is natural selection? | the rpocess in which individuals with greater reproductive success are more likely to pass their genes to future generations |
| What are some historic examples of natural selection? | size change, fewer toes, thumbs, modified jaw |
| What are the 3 fields of genetics? | 1. Tnsmission 2. Molecular 3. Population |
| What is transmission genetics? | oldest field by Mendel, examines how traits are passed between generations |
| What are genes? | genetic determinants passed from parent to offspring |
| How do genetic crosses work? | 2 selected individuals are mated, the traits in question are analyzed over several generations, conclude a quantitative analysis |
| What is molecular genetics? | the most modern field of genetics, deals with how molecular features of DNA underlie gene expression |
| How is molecular genetics studied? | they use mutant genes with abnormal functions employing the genetic approach |
| What is population genetics? How? | deals with the genetic variation of populations and how that variation is related to the environment. they develop mathematical theories to explain the prevalence of certain alleles within population |
| What is the scientific method? | a standard process that provides a way to validate or invalidate hypotheses about the natural world |
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MSchmitt23
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