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Statistics

QuestionAnswer
Voluntary Response Participants decide to participate themselves
Convience Samples Participants are chosen because they are easy to reach and readily available
Data Are collections of observations, such as measurements, genders, or survey results
Statistics The science of planning studies and experiments
Population Is the complete collection of all measurements or data that are being considered
Census Is the collection of data from every member of the population
Sample Is a subcollection of members selected from a population
Statistical Significance A result that is very unlikely to occur by chance
Pratical Significance It is possible that some treatment or finding is effective, but common sense might suggest that the treatment of findings does not make enough of a difference to justify its use or to be practical.
Misleading Conclusions When forming a conclusion based on statistical analysis, we should make statements that are clear even to those who have no understanding of statistic and its terminology
Sample Data Reported Instead of Measured When collecting data from people, its better to take measurements yourself instead of asking subjects to report results
Loaded Questions If survey results are not worded carefully, the results of a study can be misleading.
Order of Questions Sometime survey questions are unintentionally loaded by the order of items being considered.
Non-response A nonresponse occurs when someone either refuses to respond or is unavailable
Low Response Rate If a survey has a low response rate, the reliability of the results decreased. In addition to having a smaller sample size, there is an increased likelihood of having a basis among those who do respond.
Percentages Some studies cite misleading percentages. Note that 100% of some quantity is all of it,
Big Data Refers to data sets so large and so complex that their analysis is beyond capabilities of traditional software tools. Analysis of big data may require software simultaneously
Data Science Involves application of statistics, computer science, and software engineering, along with some other relevant field
Missing completely at random If the likelihood of its being missing is independent of its value or any of the other values in the data set. That is, any data is just as likely to be missing as any other value
Missing not at random If the missing value is related to the reason it is missing
Delete cases One very common method for dealing with missing data is to delete all subjects having any missing values.
Impute missing values Substitute values for them
Placebo Is a harmless and ineffective pill, medicine, or procedure sometimes used for psychological benefit or sometimes used by researchers for comparison to other treatment
Experiment Apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its effects on the individuals. People in experiments are called and subjects and individual units are experimental units.
Observational Study Observe and measure specific characteristics without attempting to modify the individuals being studied
Replication Is the repetition of an experiment on more than one individual
Blinding Is a technique in which the subject doesn't know whether he or she is receiving treatment or a placebo. A way to get around the placebo effect.
Double -Blind The subject doesn't know whether he or she is receiving the treatment or a placebo. The experiment does not know whether he or she is administering the treatment or placebo.
Randomization Is used when subjects are assigned to different groups through a process of random selection. The logic behind randomness is used to chance as a way to create two groups that are similar.
Created by: ezanca
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