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Sm Animal Quiz 5
Lecture 9: Musculoskeletal Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| crepitus | grinding or crunching in a joint while manipulating |
| range of motion | extent of movement in a joint |
| stifle | knee joint |
| coxofemoral joint | hip |
| patella | knee cap |
| DJD (degenerative joint disease) | osteoarthritis |
| OA | osteoarthritis |
| conscious proprioception | placing or moving the body parts correctly |
| ataxia | loss of proprioception |
| CCL | cranial cruciate ligament |
| CCL tear | injury caused when the ligaments in the stifle tear due to degeneration or trauma to stifle; most common orthopedic injury in dogs |
| CCL tear prevalence | large breed, overweight/obese patients |
| chronic onset CCL tear | most common (80%); dogs 5-7 years of age, caused by DEGENRATION of fibers in ligament over time |
| acute onset CCL tear | usually under 4 years of age, caused by TRAUMA |
| CCL tear SYMPTOMS | non-weight bearing lameness in rear limb, usually holding limb in flexion while standing, holding limb in extension while sitting, history of lameness in limb, pop or snap while walking |
| CCL tear FINDINGS | crepitus in stifle, thickened stifle (MEDIAL BUTTRESSING), meniscal pop while moving if meniscus torn, positive cranial drawer (sedation required) |
| CCL tear radiograph findings | degenerative changes in joint, inflammation in joint capsule, caudal displacement of distal end of femur, radiograph both knees for comparison |
| CCL tear MEDICAL MANAGEMENT | may take 12-16 weeks to stabilize joint, strict rest, weight management, pain medication/anti-inflammatories (NSADs, gaba, tramadol), supplements, physical therapy, acupuncture/laser therapy, stifle braces |
| CCL tear TPLO (tibial plateau leveling osteotomy) | biomechanics are altered to make the CCL no longer necessary for stability of the joint, surgically changes the angle of the tibial plateau and prevents femur from sliding off tibia |
| CCL tear extracapsular repair/lateral suture | heavy suture is placed across the joint to act as artificial ligament, only appropriate for small dogs |
| CCL tear TTA (tibial tuberosity advancement) | front part of tibia removed and spaced to place patellar ligament in better position |
| CCL tear PREVENTION | WEIGHT MANAGEMENT, avoid quick/sharp turns and jumps, monitor dogs closely that have the other side, do not breed dogs with CCL rupture |
| hip dysplasia | genetic disorder caused by unequal growth between head of femur and acetabulum (cup of the hip); many factors including growth rate, diet, exercise; results in LAXITY in joint (looseness) |
| hip dysplasia predisposition | German Shepherds, Saint Bernards, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Old English Sheepdogs, Bulldogs |
| hip dysplasia SYMPTOMS | weakness or lameness in rear limbs, loss of muscle mass in rear limbs, bunny-hopping, difficulty getting up from sitting/lying down, reluctant to climb stairs/jump on furniture |
| hip dysplasia PE FINDINGS | decreased range of motion in one or both hips, muscle atrophy over hips/spine, pain on manipulating of hips/rear limbs, narrow base while standing |
| hip dysplasia radiographic findings | best done under heavy sedation/general anesthesia, lack of coverage of acetabulum over head of the femur, DJD changes in joint, head of femur flattened or misshapen |
| hip dysplasia TREATMENT | weight management, pain medication, acupuncture/laser therapy, physical therapy, supplements, surgery (total hip replacement, femoral head osteotomy) |
| hip dysplasia PREVENTION | do NOT breed dogs with hip dysplasia (PENN hip, OFA), feed large and giant breed puppies correctly (proper formula), keep dogs active and fit |
| intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) | back pain, weakness, or paralysis caused by a degeneration and rupture of the intervertebral disc in the spinal column; frequently occurs after some sort of traumatic event |
| IVDD predisposition | middle aged to older dogs, Dachshund, Poodle, Pekingese, Lhasa Apso, German Shepherd, Doberman, Cocker Spaniel, Corgi; obesity and long back increased likelihood |
| IVDD SYMPTOMS | unable to get comfortable or unable to lie down long, dragging toes, wobbliness or weakness in rear end, reluctance to walk/jump/navigate stairs, complete paralysis of limbs |
| IVDD PE FINDINGS | painful when picked up/handled, pain on palpation of spine, decreased CPs, ataxia, lack of deep pain in paws, kyphosis (ARCHED BACK) |
| IVDD radiograph findings | CANNOT see spinal cord or normal disks on rads; collapsed disk spaces/mineralized disks, spondylosis |
| IVDD TREATMENT | weight management, pain control, rest, acupuncture/laser/physical therapy, surgery (disc compression), support for paralysis (carts) |
| IVDD PREVENTION | weight management, no jumping |
| patellar luxation | kneecap that slides from normal position; groove is too shallow, tendon too loose, or both, can lead to other injuries like CCL rupture |
| patellar luxation predisposition | Maltese, Chihuahua, Poodle, Bichon Frise, Pomeranian, bow-legged dogs |
| medial patellar luxation (MPL) | most common form, smaller dogs |
| lateral patellar luxation (LPL) | less common, mostly large dogs |
| patellar luxation SYMPTOMS | intermittent to constant rear limb lameness, hopping on three legs then moving normally |
| patellar luxation PE FINDINGS | movement in patella while rotating knee or palpating patella, permanent dislocation of kneecap |
| patellar luxation TREATMENT | medical management (weight, pain meds), surgical management reserved for severe luxation (trochlear wedge -> deepens groove, other procedures tighten soft tissue of knee) |
| GRADE 1 patellar luxation | spontaneously returns to groove |
| GRADE 2 patellar luxation | can be manually replaced |
| GRADE 3 patellar luxation | out of place most of the time, but can be manually replaced |
| GRADE 4 patellar luxation | always out of place and cannot be manually replaced |
Created by:
mkroon26
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